Make sure you can do all the homework problems as well as the list of study questions and learning goals below.

CHAPTER 9
1. What is the definition of organic chemistry?
2. Are all organic compounds made from living things?  Is there any difference between an organic compound that is made from living things and the same organic compound synthesized in a laboratory? Do organic compounds have a "vital force"?
3. What is a hydrocarbon?
4. What structural feature identifies a saturated hydrocarbon?
5. What structural feature identifies alkanes? What is the general formula for alkanes?
6. Be able to identify an alkane given its name, molecular formula, or structural formula. Be able to write the structural formula of an alkane given its name or molecular formula and vice versa. You do not need to memorize the prefixes for the names - you can use Table 9.1.
7. What is the major use of alkanes?
8. Review! Are molecules of the alkanes polar or nonpolar (use methane as an example)?  Based on your answer, what types of forces are present between molecules of alkanes?
9. Review! As the number of carbon atoms in an alkane increases, does the melting point and boiling point of the alkane increase or decrease? Why? (Hint: think about goal 8 above.)
10. Are alkanes soluble in water? (Hint: think about goal 8 above.) Are alkanes more dense or less dense than water?
11. What is the definition of isomers? Be able to identify isomers given structures.
12. Be able to identify cycloalkanes and write their molecular formulas given their structure or geometric symbol. What is the general formula of a cycloalkane?
13. What structural feature identifies an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
14. What structural features identify an alkene and an alkyne? What are the general formulas for alkenes and alkynes?
15. Be able to identify alkenes and alkynes given a name, molecular formula, or structural formula. Be able to write the structural formula of alkenes and alkynes given a name or molecular formula and vice versa. You do not need to memorize the prefixes for the names - you can use Table 9.1.
16. What properties do the alkenes and alkynes have in common with the alkanes? What is one type of chemical reaction that occurs only in the alkenes and alkynes (unsaturated hydrocarbons)  but not in the alkanes (saturated hydrocarbons)?
17. What specific structural feature is found in aromatic hydrocarbons? Be able to recognize the molecular formula and structural formula of benzene.
18. Be able to identify both saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons given their structure.
19. How is a substituted hydrocarbon structurally different from a hydrocarbon?
20. What is functional group?
21. Be able to identify each of the following families of substituted hydrocarbons by their names and functional groups, given the structure of the substance: halides, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, phenols.
22. What are "Freons" used for? What negative effect do Freons have on the earth's atmosphere?
23. What is the name of the alcohol that is found in alcoholic beverages? What is the relationship between the percent of alcohol in an alcoholic beverage and the proof of the alcoholic beverage?
24. What are the properties of carboxylic acids? Review -  what are the definitions and properties of acids? Be able to identify which H on the carboxylic acid is the one that is donated.
25. What kinds of smells are esters usually associated with?
26. Review - what are structural isomers?  Be able to identify structural isomers of substituted hydrocarbons like ethanol and dimethyl ether.
27. Review - why does ethanol have a higher boiling point than dimethyl ether? You will need to look up the structures of these two compounds either in your notes or the text in order to answer this question.
28. What are the properties of amines? Review -  what are the definitions and properties of bases? When an amine acts as a base, the hydrogen ion bonds to which atom in the amine functional group?
29. What kinds of smells are amines usually associated with?
30. What are alkaloids - where do they occur in nature, what family of substituted hydrocarbons do they belong in, what are some common examples?

CHAPTER 10
1. Define/describe the terms: macromolecule, polymer, monomer. Are all polymers synthetic? What are some examples of synthetic and natural polymers?
2. What is the characteristic that identifies addition polymers and addition polymerization reactions? Hint: think about the atoms in the formula of the monomer and the polymer.
3. What structural feature must be present in monomers to form addition polymers? Be able to identify the structure of a monomer that would form an addition polymer.
4. Using polyethylene as an example, explain how the extent of branching on the polymer chain affects the density and flexibility of the polymer. Which polyethylene, HDPE or LDPE, has more extensive branching?
5. What is the difference between thermosetting and thermoplastic polymers?
6. What is the characteristic that identifies condensation polymers and condensation polymerization reactions? Hint: think about the atoms in the formula of the monomer and the polymer.
7. What structural feature must be present in monomers to form condensation polymers? Be able to identify the structure of a monomer that would form a condensation polymer.
8. What two functional groups are needed on monomers to form a polyester?
9. What two functional groups are needed on monomers to from a polyamide?
10. Be able to distinguish between polyesters and polyamides given their structural formulas. Hint: look for the ester or amide functional group in the polymer.
11. Proteins are which type of condensation polymer - polyester or polyamide? What are the monomers in a protein called?
12. Given the structural formula of a monomer, be able to decide if it will form an addition or a condensation polymer.
13. Given the structural formula of a monomer or pair of monomers, be able to decide if it will form a polyester or a polyamide.
14. Rubber can be produced naturally or synthetically. Are the chemical formulas of the rubber the same or different depending on how they were produced ?
15. Describe the term "elastomer."
16. What is vulcanization? Describe how crosslinks make a polymer have the properties of an elastomer.
17. How is the long term stability of plastics both a good and a bad property of plastics?
18. List three ways of disposing of plastics and some pros and cons or each method.
19. What are plasticizers used for? What are PCBs no longer used as plasticizers?

CHAPTER 12
1. Describe the troposphere and the stratosphere - which is lower and which is higher in the atmosphere? In which part do we live and breathe? In which part is the ozone layer located?
2. What are the three most abundant gases in the troposphere?  Which one is the most abundant?
3. Describe the process of air convection.  Why does hot air rise?
4. What is meant by "dilution is the solution to pollution"?
5. Describe a temperature inversion. What problem is caused by a temperature inversion?
6. What is the definition of a pollutant? 
7. What are the self-cleaning mechanisms in the troposphere that keep the global composition of the troposphere almost constant?
8. Define smog.
9. Describe industrial smog - what is it caused by and what are its major components?
10. What happens to the sulfur oxides when they mix with water in the atmosphere?
11. How can industrial smog be reduced?
12. What are the major emissions from automobiles that are considered pollutants?
13. What happens to the nitrogen oxides when they mix with water in the atmosphere?
14. Describe photochemical smog - what is it caused by and what are its major components?
15. How can photochemical smog be reduced?
Stop here for Exam 4.
16. What is the definition of acid rain and what gases are responsible for producing it?
17. What are some of the sources of indoor air pollution and what causes them to reach unhealthy concentrations in buildings?
18. What is radon and where does it come from? What health problems does it cause?
19. What is the function of the ozone layer in the stratosphere?
20. Is ozone a pollutant or a necessary gas (think about the definition of pollutants).
21. What family of compounds cause the destruction of stratospheric ozone?
22. Why is the stability of CFCs both a useful property and a harmful property?
23. What are "greenhouse gases" and how do they cause global warming? In other words, how are "greenhouse gases" similar to the glass on a greenhouse or a solar collector?
24. What are the two most abundant greenhouse gases in the atmosphere?
25. What gas is the most abundant air pollutant produced by human activities? What human activity produces most of this air pollutant?