Cover and Title: A cover sheet should include the title (in all caps), author, date and course name and number. Repeat the title only (in all caps) on the first page of the text.
Page numbers should appear in upper right-hand corner of all text pages, except the title page. A running header (a shortened version of the title) is optional and can appear next to the page number on each page.
Binding: Staple pages together; please do not use report cover or binders.
Multiple authors: Include all authors, unless four authors or more are involved. Use
commas and a concluding ampersand to indicate multiple authors.
Multiple sources can be included, separated by semi-colons.
No Author Given: If no author is given, cite the work's title. Long titles may be
shortened, with the omitted words indicated with an ellipsis:(Perplexed Professors Plead for Proper Use of Pagination, 1995) can be
cited as (Perplexed Professors..., 1995).
Specificity of Citations: No page number is necessary for a citation that is only one page
long, or where only a general acknowledgement of a work is made.
Be sure to include specific page number(s) when quoting text,
citing definitions, or referring to specific content.
Avoid Redundancies: When the authors' names are used as the subjects of a sentence,
include only the year and page number (if applicable) in
parentheses.
Multiple Citations for Same Author(s): If the same authors have multiple publications in the same year,
assign a letter to each work alphabetically based on the first major word in the title, and
list each entry sequentially, by year, in the References section.
Quotations: Use quotes sparingly. Quotations of four lines or more should
be indented and single-spaced. Give the author, year and page
number in the main text before the quote is introduced, or at the
end of the single-spaced quote, before returning to the main,
double-spaced text.
Double space each line (although example appear single-spaced here) and use hanging indents.
Book/article titles appear in lower case, but capitalize proper
names of authors and journals.
For class purposes, provide full
names of authors, as they appear in publication. (When submitted to
an APA journal, only initials are used:
Important: Because many web browsers do not support underlining, instructions for underlining are duplicated here for your convenience. Be sure to underline the correct items listed.
Books
Grunig, James E. & Hunt, Todd (1984). Managing public relations. New York:
Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Journal Articles
Hallahan, Kirk (1995). An integrative model of PR media. Journal of Unusual and New
Knowledge, 1, 222-227.
Magazine Articles
Hallahan, Kirk (1994, December). Reflections of a purloined publicist.PR Today,23(12), 13-14. (Note underlining of volume number.)
Collected Chapters within Book
Bernays, Edward L. (1995). The last hurrah. In Kirk Hallahan and Ivy Lee (Eds.), The
world's oldest profession (pp. 12-24). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Newspaper Articles
With author:
Personal Interviews Bernays, Edward L. (1995, March 9). Personal interview.
Court Cases
Colorado State University vs. Hallahan, 235 U.S. 254. (1995).
Books/Monographs/Reports By a Publisher
Colorado State Rams press guide (1995). Fort Collins: Colorado State University Office of Sports Information.
Multiple Publications by Same Author in Different Years Hallahan, Kirk (1994, December). Reflections of a purloined publicist. PR Today,
23(12), 13-14.
Multiple Authors/Multiple Publications in Same Year:
Cutlip, Scott M., Center, Allen H. & Broom, Glen M. (1994a). Effective public
relations (6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Return to A Short Research Paper Style Guide
(Jones, Smith, Davis & Thompson, 1995) can be cited as
(Jones et al., 1995). Note: No period after et here.
It is valuable to compare the four-step process of public relations (Cutlip, Center
<& Broom, 1994, p. 1) to Grunig's approach (Grunig & Hunt, 1984, p.283).
Cutlip, Center & Broom (1994, p. 14) suggest that ....
or
A leading scholar concurs:
.... in the United States (Yates, 1959, p. 84).
List all sources alphabetically by author's last name (or by title
of the work) in a separate section at the end of the paper,
labelled REFERENCES.
Hallahan, K. (1996).
(Underline book title; note book titles are lower case.)
(With serial page numbering for entire volume; no
need for issue number or date of publication. Note: Article names are lower case; journal title is capitalized. Underline journal title AND volume number only. No quotes around article title.)
(With separate page numbering in each issue; note
month and issue number are included). Underline serial title AND volume number only.)
(Give chapter author's name, title
and page information in addition to general book information. Underline book title only (and volume number, if applicable). Note: No quotes around chapter title.)
(Underline newspaper name only)
Jacobs, Mike (1995, April 15). Communication jobs on the rise. Denver Post, p. 1+.
Without author/byline:
Enrollments abound at schools of communication (1995,
April 15).Long Beach (CA) Press-Telegram, p.1,14.
(No underline)
(No underline)
(Without Specified Author. Underline title.)
(List in
order by year. Follow rules applicable for articles and books.)
Hallahan, Kirk (1995). An integrative model of PR media. Journal of Unusual and New
Knowledge, 1, 222-227.
Cutlip, Scott M., Center, Allen H. & Broom, Glen M. (1994b). Effective public relations
study guide (6th ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Return to Hallahan Course Resources
Updated Summer 1996