COMMUNITY RELATIONS -- READING LIST
I. Community Relations--General
II. Nature of Communities
III. Diversity/Multicultural Communities
IV. Theoretical Bases for Community Relations
VI. Proactive Community Relations Programs
V. Crisis Management
VI. Crisis Management--Specific Problems
VII. Issues Management
VIII. Activism and Agenda-Building
IX. Responses to Activism
XI. Community Relations for Specific Organizations
XI. Sources
This reading list provides entry points in the literature for
examining various community relations concepts discussed in this
class; it is not intended to be a comprehensive bibliography of the
field. Students are encouraged to use these sources to begin
further reading and individual investigation.
I. COMMUNITY RELATIONS--GENERAL
Introduction
Baskin, Otis & Aronoff, Craig (1988). Community relations.
Chapter 11 in Public relations: The profession and the
practice, 3rd ed. Dubuque: Wm. C. Brown.
Hussey, John F. (1989). Community relations. Chapter 12 in Bill
Cantor (ed. by Chester Burger), Experts in action: inside pr,
pp. 115-126. New York: Longman.
Kruckeberg, Dean & Starck, Kenneth (1988). Public relations and
community: a reconstructed theory. New York: Praeger.
Lundborg, Louis B. (1950). Public relations in the local
community. New York: Harper.
Peak, William J. (1983). Community relations. In Philip Lesly
(Ed.), Lesly's public relations handbook, 3rd ed. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Seitel, Frazer P. (1995). Multicultural communities. Chapter 14
in The practice of public relations, 6th ed. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Community Relations: Historical Perspectives
Cutlip, Scott M. (1994). The unseen force. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Cutlip, Scott M. (1995). Public relations history. From the 17th
to the 20th century. The antecedents. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Olasky, Marvin (1987). Corporate public relations: A new
historical perspective. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Pearson, Ron (1992). Perspectives on public relations history. In
Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (Eds.), Rhetorical and
Critical Approaches to Public Relations, pp. 111-130.
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Raucher, Alan R. (1968). Public relations and business, 1900-1929.
Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins U. Press.
Tedlow, Richard S. (1979). Keeping the corporate image: Public
relations and business, 1900-1950. Greenwich, CT: JAI.
Case Study Collections
Bianco, David, ed. (1993). PR news casebook: 1000 public relations
cases. Detroit, MI: Gale Research.
Center, Allen H. & Jackson, Patrick (1995). Public relations
practices, 5th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Sections deal with community relations, crises and issues.
Hendrix, Jerry A. (1994). Public relations cases, 3rd ed.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Moss, Denny (1991). Public relations in practice: a casebook. New
York: Routledge.
Simon, Raymond, & Wylie, Frank Winston (1993). Cases in public
relations management. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC Business Books.
Great ideas! Award-winning strategic community relations programs
(1994). Bartlesville, OK: Joe Williams Communications, Inc.
145 cases from 87 companies. Successor to Community relations
idea book (1992) and Excellence in community relations (1993).
II. NATURE OF COMMUNITIES
Classic Sociological Approaches
Cooley, Charles H. (1909). Social organization. A study of the
larger mind. New York: Scribner's.
Durkheim, Emile (1893/1933). The division of labor in society.
Trans. by G. Simpson. New York: The Free Press.
Kreiling, A. (1989). The Chicago school and community. Critical
Studies in Mass Communication, 6, 317-321.
Park, Robert E. (1925). The city. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press.
Park, Robert E. (1938). Reflections on communication and culture.
American Journal of Sociology, 44, 187-205.
Schmalenbach, Herman (1977). On society and experiment (Ed.,
Trans. & Intro. by G. Luschen & G.P. Stone). Chicago: U. of
Chicago Press.
Simmel, Georg (1955). Conflict and the web of group-affiliations.
Trans. by K.H. Wolff & R. Bendix. New York: Free Press.
Tonnies, Ferdinand (1887/1988). Community & society [Gemeinschaft
and gesselshaft). Trans. & ed. by C. P. Loomis. Rutgers, NJ:
Transaction Press.
Wirth, Louis (1938). Urbanism as a way of life. American Journal
of Sociology, 44, 1-24.
Contemporary Sociological Analyses
Arnett, Ronald C. (1986). Communication and community.
Implications of Martin Buber's dialog. Carbondale, IL:
Southern Illinois U. Press.
Bell, Colin & Newby, Howard, eds. (1975). The sociology of
community. London: William Clowes & Sons.
Friedman, Maurice S. (1983). The confirmation of otherness:
family, community and society. New York: Pilgrim Press. See
especially Chapter 13, The Community of Affinity versus the
Community of Otherness, pp. 133-151.
Finnegan, John R., Jr., Bracht, N. & Viswanath (1989). Community
power and leadership analysis in lifestyle campaigns. In
Charles T. Salmon (Ed.) Information campaigns: Balancing
social values and social change, pp. 54-84. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Poplin, Dennis E. (1972). Communities: A survey of theories and
methods of research. New York: Macmillan.
Scherer, J. (1972). Contemporary community: Sociological illusion
or reality? London: Tavistock.
Stacey, Margaret (1974). The myth of community studies. In Colin
Bell & Howard Newby (Eds.), The sociology of community, pp.
13-26. London: William Clowes.
Tinder, Glenn E. (1980). Community: reflections on a tragic ideal.
Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana State U. Press.
Cultural Approaches
Benedict, Anderson (1983). Imagined communities. London: Verso.
Cohen, A.P. (1985). The symbolic construction of community. New
York: Tavistock (Routledge).
Fontain, Sheryl (1988). The unfinished story of the interpretive
community. Rhetoric Review, 7(1), 86-96.
Halbwachs, M. (1992). On collective memory. Ed. & trans. by L.A.
Coser). Chicago: U. of Chicago Press.
Hunter, Albert (1972). Symbolic communities. U. of Chicago Press.
Search for Community (Including popular authors)
Bellah, R. N. et al. (1985). Habits of the heart: individualism
and commitment in American life. New York: Harper & Row.
Chappell, Tom (1993). The soul of a business. Managing for profit
and the common good. New York: Bantam.
Etzioni, Amitai (1993). The spirit of community: rights,
responsibilities and the Communitarian agenda. New York:
Crown.
Nisbet, Robert A. (1953). The quest for community. New York:
Oxford U. Press.
Peck, M. Scott (1987). The different drum. New York: Simon &
Schuster.
Peck, M. Scott (1993). A world waiting to be born. Civility
rediscovered. New York: Bantam.
Schaffer, Carolyn R. & Amundsen, Kristin (1993). Creating
community anywhere. Finding support and connection in a
fragmented world. New York: Tarcher/Perigee.
Whitmayer, Claude (1993). In the company of others. Making
community in the modern world. New York: Tarcher/Perigee.
Wachtel, Paul L. (1989). The poverty of affluence. A
psychological portrait of the American way of Life. New
Society Publishers.
IV. COMMUNITIES AND COMMUNICATION
General
Ball-Rokeach, Sandra L. & Cantor, Muriel, eds. (1982). Mass
communication and social order. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Carey, James W. (1989). Communication as culture. New York:
Routledge.Cheney. David, (1982). Communication and community.
Communication, 7(1), 1-32.
Christians, Clifford G. & Hammond, Leon (1986). Social justice and
a community information utility. Communication, 9(2), 127-
149.
Dayan, D.& Katz, E. (1992). Media events: the live broadcasting of
history. Cambridge, MA: Harvard U. Press.
Davis, Dennis K. & Puckett, Thomas F.N. (1992). Mass entertainment
and community: Toward a culture-centered paradigm for mass
communication research. Communication Yearbook, 15, 3-34.
Dannefer, W. Dale & Poushinsky, Nicholas (1977). Language and
community. Journal of Communication, 27(3), 122-126.
Doolittle, Robert J. & MacDonald, Donald (1978). Communication and
a sense of community in a metropolitan neighborhood: A factor
analytic examination. Communication Quarterly, 26(3), 2-7.
Gergen, K.J.(1991). The saturated self. Dilemmas of identity in
contemporary life. New York: Basic Books.
Hardt, Hanno (1975). Communication as theory and method of
community. Communication, 2(1), 81-92.
Haring, Ardyce (1972). Communication and change in community
development. Journalism Quarterly, 49(3), 512-518, 530.
Jeffres, Leo W., Dobos, Jean & Lee, Jae-won (1988). Media use and
community ties. Journalism Quarterly, 65, 575-581.
Jeffres, Leo W. Dobos, Jean & Sweeney, Mary (1987). Communication
and commitment to community. Communication Research, 14, 619-
643.
Jeffres, Leo W. & Dobos, J. (1984). Communication and neighborhood
mobilization. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 20, 97-112.
Kirby A. (1989). A sense of place. Critical Studies in Mass
Communication, 6, 322-326.
Marsden, P.V. (1987). Core discussion networks of Americans.
American Psychological Review, 52, 122-131.
Mandelbaum, Seymour J. (1982). Too clever by far: Communication
and community development. Communication, 7(1), 107-114.
Neuman, W.R. (1989). Television and American culture: The mass
media and the pluralistic audience. Public Opinion Quarterly,
46,471-481.
Nightengale, Virginia (1986). Community as audience -- audience as
community. Australian Journal of Communication, 9&10, 31-41.
Phelan, J.M. (1988). Communing in isolation. Critical Studies in
Mass Communication, 5, 347-351.
Regis, H.A. (1988). Communication and the sense of community among
the members of an immigrant group. Journal of Cross-Cultural
Psychology, 19, 329-340.
Regis, Humphrey A. (1989-90, Winter). A theoretical framework for
the investigation of the role and significance of
communication in the development of the sense of community
among English-speaking Caribbean immigrants. Howard Journal
of Communications, 2(1), 57-90.
Rothenbuhler, Eric W. (1991). The process of community
involvement. Communication Monographs, 58, 63-78.
Rothenbuhler, E.W., Ryu, C.R., DeLaurell, R. & Mullen, L.J. (1990).
Communication and community attachment and involvement. Paper
presented to the Speech Communication Association, Chicago.
Wirth, Louis (1948). Consensus and mass communication. American
Sociological Review, 13, 1-15.
Discourse and the Public Sphere
Calhoun, Craig, ed. (1992). Habermas and the public sphere.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. See esp. Schudson, Michael (1992),
Was there ever a public sphere?, pp. 143-163.
Dewey, John (1927). The public and its problems. Athens, OH:Swallow
Press.
Habermas, Jurgen (1962/1989). The structural transformation of the
public sphere. An inquiry into a category of bourgeois
society. Trans. by Thomas Burger with Frederick Lawrence.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Lippman, Walter (1922). Public opinion. New York: Macmillan.
Lippman, Walter (1925). The phantom public. New York: Macmillan.
Livingstone, Sonia & Lunt, Peter (1994). Talk on television.
Audience participation and the public debate. London:
Routledge.
Phelan, John M. (1977). Mediaworld: Programming the public. New
York: Seabury Press.
Robbins, Bruce, ed. (1993). The phantom public sphere.
Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Advertising and Consumption as a Community Activity
Gainer, Brenda & Fischer, Eileen (1994). Community and
consumption. Chris T. Allen and Deborah Roedder John (eds.),
Advances in Consumer Research, 21, p. 137. Provo, UT:
Association for Consumer Research.
McCracken, Grant (1986). Advertising: Meaning or information. In
Mellanie Wallendorf and Paul Anderson (Eds.), Advances in
Consumer Research, 14, pp. 121-124.
McCracken, Grant (1986). Culture and consumption: A theoretical
account of the structure and movement of cultural meaning of
consumer goods. Journal of Consumer Research, 13 (June), 71-
80.
O'Barr, William M. (1995). Culture and the ad. Exploring
otherness in the world of advertising. Boulder, CO: Westview
Press.
Randazzo, Sal (1995). The mythmakers. How advertisers apply the
power of classic myths and symbols to create modern-day
legends. Chicago: Probus.
Sherry, John F. Jr. (1987). Advertising as a cultural system. In
Jean Umiker-Sebeok (Ed.), Marketing and semiotics: New
directions in the study of signs for sale, pp. 441-461.
Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Knowledge Gaps/Campaigns
Becker, Lee B. & Fredin, E.S. (1987). The mass media, knowledge
and evaluation of community. Paper presented to Association
for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, San
Antonio.
Donohue, G.A., Tichenor, P.J. & Olien, C.N. (1986). Metro daily
pullback and knowledge gaps within and between communities.
Communication Research, 13, 453-471.
Finnegan, John R., Jr., Bracht, Neil & Viswanath, K. (1989).
Community power and leadership analysis in lifestyle
campaigns. In Charles T. Salmon (Ed.), Information
campaigns: Balancing social values and social change, pp. 54-
84. Newbury Park,CA: Sage.
Gaziano, C. (1988). Community knowledge gaps. Critical Studies in
Mass Communication, 5, 351-357.
Tichenor, P.J., Donohue, G.A. & Olien, C.N. (1970). Mass media
flow and differential growth of knowledge. Public Opinion
Quarterly, 34, 159-170.
Visawanath, Kasisomayajula, Kosicki, Gerald, Park, Eunkyung &
Fredin, Eric (1993). Community involvement, community
boundedness and knowledge gaps. Paper presented to Midwest
Association for Public Opinion Research, Chicago.
Weenig, Mieneke, W. H. (1993). The strength of weak and strong
communication ties in a community information program.
Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23(20), 1712-1722.
News Media: Functions, Roles, Use in Communities
Barlow, W. (1988). Community radio in the U.S. The struggle for
a democratic medium. Media, Culture and Society, 10, 81-106.
Berrigan, F. J. (1979). Community communications: The role of
community media in development. Paris: UNESCO.
Bogart, Leo, & Orenstein, F.E. (1965). Mass media and community
identity in a interurban setting. Journalism Quarterly, 42,
105-128.
Carter, Richard E., Jr. & Clarke, Peter (1963). Suburbanites, city
residents and local news. Journalism Quarterly, 40, 548-558.
Chaffee, Steven H. & Choe, S.Y. (1981). Newspaper reading in
longitudinal perspective: beyond structural constraints.
Journalism Quarterly, 58, 201-211.
Collins-Jarvis, L. (1992). A causal model of the reciprocal
relationship between community attachment and community
newspaper use. Paper presented to the Association for
Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Montreal.
Edelstein, Alex A. & Larson, Otto N. (1960). The weekly press'
contribution to the sense of urban community. Journalism
Quarterly, 37, 489-498.
Gibbs, Cheryl (1994, Fall-Winter). A vision for Richmond.
Communities, communications and connectedness. Huck Boyd
National Center for Community Media Review, pp. 17-19.
Lawrence: University of Kansas.
Finnegan, John R. Jr. & Viswanath, Kasisomayajula (1988).
Community ties and use of cable TV and newspapers in a midwest
suburb. Journalism Quarterly, 65, 456-463.
Janowitz, Morris (1952). The community press in an urban setting;
the social elements of urbanism. Chicago: U. of Chicago
Press.
Jankowski, Nick (1982). Community television: A tool for community
action? Communication, 7(1), 33-58.
McLeod, Jack M. et al. (1994). Community integration, local media
use and democratic processes. Paper presented to Association
for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Atlanta.
Nord, David Paul (1986). Working class readers: Family community,
and reading in late nineteenth century America.
Rarick, G.R. (1973). Differences between daily newspaper
subscribers and nonsubscribers. Journalism Quarterly, 50,
265-276.
Schulman, Mark ( ). Communications in the community: Critical
scholarship in an emerging field. See Hallahan for a copy.
Stamm, Keith (1985). Newspaper use and community ties: Toward a
dynamic theory. Norwood, NJ: Ablex. PN4749.S8.
Stamm, Keith (1988). Community ties and media use. Critical
Studies in Mass Communication, 5, 357-361.
Stamm, Keith R. & Fortini-Campbell, L. (1983). The relationship of
community ties to newspaper use. Journalism Monographs, No.
84.
Stamm, Keith R. & Guest, Avery M. (1991). Communication and
community integration: an analysis of the communication
behavior of newcomers. Journalism Quarterly, 68(4), 644-657.
Stamm, Keith R. & Weis, Robert (1986). The newspaper and community
integration. A study of ties to a local church community.
Communication Research, 13, 125-137.
Stone, Gerald C. (1977). Community commitment: A predictive theory
of daily newspaper circulation. Journalism Quarterly, 53,
509-514.
Tichenor, Philip, J., Donohue, George A. & Olien, Clarice N.
(1980). Community conflict and the press. Beverly Hills, CA:
Sage. HN79.M63.
Visawanath, Kasisomayjula, Finnegan, John R. Jr., Rooney, Rhonda &
Potter, John (1990). Community ties in a rural midwest
community and the use of newspapers and cable TV. Journalism
Quarterly, 67, 899-911.
Voakes, Paul, Kapfer, Jack & Kurpius, David (1993). Diversity in
the news: A conceptual and methodological framework. Paper
presented to Association for Education in Journalism and Mass
Communication, Kansas City.
News Media: Public Journalism
Albers, Rebecca Ross (1994, Sept). Going public: "public
journalism" units some publics and newsrooms in a
controversial mission. Presstime, 16(8). 28-30.
Anderson, Rob et al. (1994). The conversation of journalism:
Communication, community and the news. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Merritt, Davis (Buzz) & Rosen, Jay (1995, April 13). Imagining
public journalism: An editor and scholar reflect on the of an
idea. Bloomington, IN: Roy W. Howard Public Lecture in
Journalism and Mass Communication Research, No. 5.
Rosen, Jay & Merritt, Davis Jr. (1994). Public journalism: Theory
and practice. Dayton, OH: Kettering Foundation.
Stein, M.L. (1992, August 29). More than just reporting: Editors
want reporters who care about, connect with communities.
Editor & Publisher, 125(35), 22.
Technology, Virtual Communities.
Beninger, J.R. (1987). Personalization of mass media and the
growth of pseudo-community. Communication Research, 14, 352-
371.
Brody, Herb (1994, August-September). Seven thinkers in search of
an information highway. Technology Review, 97, 42-52.
Calabrese, A. (1991). The periphery in the center: The information
age and the 'good life' in rural America. Gazette, 48, 105-
128.
Flangagin, Andrew J. (1994). Communication technologies and their
effect on community. A variable-centered approach. Paper
presented to International Communication Association, Sydney.
Lauden, K.C. (1977). Communications technology and democratic
participation. New York: Praeger.
Meyerowitz, J. (1985). No sense of place: The impact of
electronic media on social behavior. New York: Oxford U.
Press.
Meyerowitz, J. (1985). The generalized elsewhere. Critical
Studies in Mass Communication, 6, 326-334.
Overduin, Henry (1986). News judgment and the community,
connection in the technological limbo of videotex.
Communication, 9(2), 127-149.
Rakow, Lana (1992). Gender on the line. Urbana, IL: U. of
Illinois Press.
Rheingold, Victor (1993). The virtual community. New York:
HarperPerennial.
Thomas, G. (n.d.). Types and mechanisms of pseudo-community in
television. On the pleasures of simulated interaction,
fictional participation and imagined communities.
III. DIVERSITY
Multicultural Communities--General
Bovet, Susan Fry (1992). Columbus Quincentenary event reflects
America's diversity. Public Relations Journal, 48(11), 22.
Dunn, William (1992, July). The move toward ethnic marketing.
Nation's Business, 80(7), 39-41.
Harris, Richard Jackson (1993). Portrayals of groups: learning
about people. Chapter 3 in A cognitive psychology of mass
communication, pp. 40-68. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Elashmawai, Farid & Harris, Philip R. (1993). Multicultural
management: New skills for global success. Houston, TX: Gulf
Publishing.
Kotcher, Raymond L. (1995, Spring). Diversity in today's workplace
and marketplace. Public Relations Quarterly, 40(1), 6-8.
Lessard, Suzannah (1994, March). End discrimination and increase
productivity. Washington Monthly, 267(3), 51-52.
Mandel, Michael J. (1992, July 13). The immigrants. Business
Week, No. 3274, 114 (8 pages).
Rice, Faye (1994, August 8). How to make diversity pay. Fortune,
130(3), 78-83.
Watson, Warren E. et al. (1993, June). Cultural diversity's impact
on the interaction process and performance comparing
homogenous and diverse task groups. Academy of Management
Journal, 36(3), 590-601
What is an American (1995, July 10). Newsweek, pp. 16-37.
Affirmative Action
Bassen, Ned N. (1992). What can an employer do to help protect
against sexual harassment lawsuits? Public Relations
Quarterly, 37(2), 26.
Capowski, Genevieve (1994, October). Ageism: the new diversity
issue. Management Review, 83(10), 10-15.
Ferris, Gerald R. & King, Thomas R. (1992, May). The politics of
age discrimination in organizations. Journal of Business
Ethics, 11(5), 341-350.
Harari, Oren (1992). What do women want anyway? Management
Review, 81(4), 42-43.
Harris, Louis (1992, Jan-Feb). Unequal terms. Columbia Journalism
Review, 20.
Wolfe, David B. (1992). Business' mid-life crisis. American
Demographics, 14(9), 40-43.
Community Dynamics
Becker Lee B. et al. (1992). Racial differences in the evaluations
of mass media. Journalism Quarterly, 69(1), 124-134.
Daniel Jack L. & Smitherman, Geneva (1976). How I got over:
communication dynamics in the Black community. Quarterly
Journal of Speech, 62(1), 26-39.
Gilder, Eric (1989). The process of political prakis; Efforts of
the gay community to transformation the social signification
of AIDS. Communication Quarterly, 37(1), 27-38.
Kern-Foxworth, Marilyn (1992). Martin Luther King, Jr: Minister,
civic rights activist, and public opinion leader. Public
Relations Review, 18(3), 287-296.
Pardo, Mary (1991). Creating community: Mexican American women in
Eastside Los Angeles. AZTLAN--A Journal of Chicano Studies,
20(1-2), 39-72.
Ross, Felicia G. (1994). Preserving the community: Cleveland
black paper's response to the great migration. Journalism
Quarterly, 71(3), 531-540.
Roth, Elizabeth (1993, January). How we got there from here: The
civil rights history of 'sex.' Management Review, 82(1), 84-
85.
Sanage, Diane & Radosh, Polly F. (1992). The women's movement and
the rebirth of feminism: conflicts and contradictions.
Humanity & Society, 16(3), 277-296.
Stevens, Summer E. & Johnson, Owen V. (1990). From black politics
to black community: Harry C. Smith and the Cleveland
'Gazette." Journalism Quarterly, 67(4), 1090-1102.
Surlin, Stuart M. (1973). Black-oriented radio's service to the
community. Journalism Quarterly, 50(3), 556-560.
Discrimination and Defamation
Abrams, Andrew L. (1992). Americans with disabilities act.
Business and Economic Review, 38(4), 27-30.
Burkhouser, Richard F. (1992, Sep-Oct). Beyond stereotypes:
Public policy and the doubly disabled. The American
Enterprise,3(5),60-69.
Coelho, Tony (1994, Aug. 1). Freedom for people with disabilities.
Vital Speeches, 60(18), 630-632.
Foegen, J.H. (1992, Summer). The double jeopardy of sexual
harassment. Business and Society Review, No. 82, 31-36.
Jensen, Robert (1994). Banning 'Redskins' from the sports page:
The ethics and politics of Native American nicknames. Journal
of Mass Media Ethics, 9(1), 16-18.
Lathrop, Douglas (1995, July/August). Disability issues out of
focus. Quill, 83(6), 36-38.
Schuman, Michael (1992), Sept 14). How was it then? Forbes,
150(6), 196-203.
Segal, Tony (1992, July 6). Sexual harassment: The age of anxiety.
Business Week, No. 3273, 16.
Sklarewitz, Norman (1992, Jan-Feb). English only on the job.
Across the Board, 29(1-2), 18-23.
Solomon, Charlene Marner (1992, July). Keeping hate out of the
workplace. Personnel Journal, 71(7), 30-37.
Economic Power
Flanagan, Patrick (1994). Don't call 'em old, call 'em customers.
Management Review, 83(10), 17-21.
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. (1992). Two nations--both black. Forbes,
150(6), 132-136.
Light, Larry, & Weber, Joseph (1992, March 23). Waking up to a
major market. Business Week, No. 3257, 70-71.
O'Neill, June (1992, Sep-Oct). The changing economic status of
Black Americans. The American Enterprise, 3(5), 70-80.
O'Hare, William P. & Fry, William H. (1992). Booming, suburban and
Black. American Demographics, 14(9), 30-36.
Westerbeck, Tim (1992, July). Suppliers zero in on a growing
Hispanic market. Public Relations Journal, 48(7), 2 pages.
Webster, Nancy Coltun (1994, May 30). Markets go for gay events.
Advertising Age, 65(23), p.S1-7.
Media Issues/Portrayals
Busby, Linda (1975). Sex role research on the mass media. Journal
of Communication, 25(4), 107-131.
Fay, Elizabeth (1994). Eminent rhetoric. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Dines, Gale & Humez (1995). Gender, race and class in media.
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Giago, Tim (1990). The American indian and the media.
Minneapolis, MN: National Conference of Christians and Jews.
Lewels, Francisco J. (1974). The use of the media by the Chicano
movement. A study in minority access. New York: Praeger.
London, Cynthia, M. & Friedly, Sheryl A. (1989). Beyond
boundaries: sex and gender diversity in communication.
Fairfax, VA: George Mason U. Press.
Pearson, Judy Cornelia, Taylor, Lynn H. & Todd-Mancillas, William
(1992). Gender and communication, 2nd ed. Dubuque, IA: Wm.
C. Brown.
Steeves, H. Leslie (1987). Feminist theories and media studies.
Critical Studies in Mass Communication, 4(2), 95-135.
Valdivia, Angharad, N. (1995). Feminism, multiculturalism and the
media. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Van Zoonen, Liesbet (1994). Feminist media studies. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage.
Wilson, Clint C. & Gutierrez, Felix (1995). Race, multiculturalism
and the media, rev. ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Update of
Minorities and the media (1994)
Portrayals of Diverse Groups in Major Media: Some Recent Studies
Anderson, Claire J., & Imperia, Giovanna (1992). The corporate
annual report: A photo analysis of male and female portrayals.
Journal of Business Communication, 29(2), 119-128.
Busby, Linda J. & Leichty, Greg (1993). Feminism and advertising
in traditional and non-traditional women's magazines, 1950s-
1980s, Journalism Quarterly, 70(2), 247-265.
Coward, John M. (1994). Explaining the Little Bighorn: Race and
progress in the native press. Journalism Quarterly, 71(3),
540-550.
Coward, John M. (1994). Reconstructing the Hollywood Indian.
Paper presented to Association for Education in Journalism and
Mass Communication, Atlanta.
Giroux, Henry A. (1994, Spring). Benetton: buying social change.
Business and Society Review, no. 89, 6-15.
Lester, Paul Martin (1994). African-American photo coverage in
four U.S. newspapers, 1937-1990. Journalism Quarterly, 71(2),
380-394.
Ma, Jianming, & Hildbrandt, Kai (1993). Canadian press coverage of
the ethnic Chinese community: A content analysis of 'Toronto
Star' and Vancouver 'Sun,' 1970-1990. Canadian Journal of
Communication, 18(4), 479-496.
Major, Michael J. (1992, November). Dancing to a different
drummer. Public Relations Journal, 48(11), 20-24.
Riffe, Daniel et al. (1993). Game time, soap time and prime time
TV ads: Treatment of women in Sunday football and rest of
week advertising. Journalism Quarterly, 70(2), 437-446.
Steinen, Linda (1983). Finding community in nineteenth-century
suffrage periodicals. American Journalism 1(1), 1-15.
Taylor, Charles Alan (1991). Defining the scientific community: A
rhetorical perspective on demarcation. Communication
Monographs, 58(4), 402-420.
Wann, Al (1993, December). Offensive cartoon sinks AT&Ts Focus
magazine. Communication World, 19(11), 27.
Weston, Mary Ann (1994). Mainstream press portrayals of Native
Americans in the 'Indian New Deal.' Paper presented to
Association for Education in Journalism and Mass
Communication, Atlanta.
IV. THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO COMMUNITY RELATIONS
Systems Theory
Grunig, James E. (1990). Symmetrical presuppositions as a
framework for public relations theory. In Carl Botan &
Vincent Hazelton, Jr., Public relations theory, pp. 17-44.
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Hage, Jerald (1980). Theories of organizations: Form, process and
transformation. New York: John Wiley.
Klir, George J. (1991). Facets of systems science. New York:
Plenum Press.
Kuhn, Alfred J. & Beam, Robert E. (1982). The logic of
organization: A system-based social science framework for
organizational theory. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Monge, Peter R. (1982). Systems theory and research in the study
of organizational communication: the correspondence problem.
Human Communication Research, 8, 245-61.
Parsons, Talcott (1951). The social system. New York: Free Press.
Parson, Talcott (1971). The system of modern societies. Englewood
Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Pearson, Ron (1990). Ethical values or strategic values. Two
faces of systems theory in public relations. Public Relations
Research Annual, 2, 219-234.
Rapoport, Anatol (1985). General systems theory: concepts and
applications. Turbridge Wells, UK: Abacus.
Ruben, Brent D. et al., eds. (1975). General systems theory and
human communication. Rochelle Park, NJ: Hayden. P91.G38.
Weiner, Norbert (1948). Cybernetics. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Political Economy
Achrol, Ravi, S., Torger, Reve & Stern, Louis W. (1983). The
environment of marketing channel dyads: A framework for
comparative analysis. Journal of Marketing, 47 (Fall), 55-67.
Achrol, Ravi S. & Stern, Louis W. (1988). Environmental
determinants of decision-making uncertainty in marketing
channels. Journal of Marketing Research, 25 (February), 36-
50.
Arndt, Johan (1983). The political economy paradigm: Foundation
for theory building in marketing. Journal of Marketing,47
(Fall),44-54.
Golding, p. & Murdock, G. (1991). Culture, communications and
political economy. In J. Curran & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Mass
media and society, pp. 15-32. London: Edward Arnold.
Zald, Mayer N. (1970). Political economy: A framework for
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organizations, pp. 221-261. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt U.
Press.
Social Exchange/Dependency/Uncertainty Approaches
Blau, Peter (1964). Exchange and power in social life. New York:
Wiley.
Emerson, Richard M. (1962). Power-dependence relations. American
Sociological Review, 27, 31-41.
Emerson, Richard M. (1981). Social exchange theory. In M.
Rosenberg & R. H. Turner (Eds.), Social psychology:
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Homans, George C. (1974). Social behavior: Its elementary forms.
New York: Harcourt Brace.
Huber, George P. & Taft, Richard L. (1987). The information
environments of organizations. In Fredric M. Jablin, et al.
(Eds.), Handbook of organizational communication, pp. 130-
164. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Pennings, Joannes M. (1981). Strategically interdependent
organizations. In Paul C. Nystrom & William H. Starbuck
(Eds.), Handbook of Organizational Design, vol. 1, pp. 433-
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Pfeffer, Jeffrey & Salancik, Gerald (1978). The external control
of organizations: a resource dependence perspective. New
York: Harper & Row.
Tversky, Amos & Kahneman, Daniel (1974). Judgment under
uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science, 185, 1124-1131.
Walton, J. (1968). Differential patterns of community power
structure. an explanation based on interdependence. In T.N.
Clarke (Ed.), Community structure and decision-making.
Comparative analyses, pp. 441-459. San Francisco: Chandler.
Power and Influence/Conflict Theories
Power
Aiken, M. & P.E. Mott, eds. (1970). The structure of community
power. New York: Random House.
Dahl, Robert A. (1957). The concept of power. Behavioral Science,
2 (July), 201-215.
Dahl, Robert A. (1961). Who governs? New Haven, CT: Yale U.Press
Dahl, Robert A. (1958). A critique of the ruling elite model.
American Political Science Review, 52, 463-469.
Domhoff, G. William (1990). The power elite and the state. New
York: Aldine de Guyter.
Domhoff, G. William (1983). Who rules America now? New York:
Touchstone (Simon & Schuster).
Cespedes, Frank V. (1992). Channel power: suggestions for a
broadened perspective. Journal of Marketing Channels, 1(3),
3-37.
Cook, K.S., Emerson, R.M., Gilmore, M.R. & Yamagishi, T. (1983).
The distribution of power in exchange networks. American
Journal of Sociology, 89(2), 275-305.
Dilenschneider, R.L. (1990). Power and influence. New York:
Prentice-Hall. A practitioner view of the exercise of these
concepts.
French, John R. P. & Raven, Bertram (1959). The bases of social
power. In D. Cartwright (ed.), Studies in social power, pp.
150-167. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
Gandy, Oscar H., Jr. (1992). Public relations and public policy:
The structuration of dominance in the information age. In
Elizabeth L. Toth and Robert L. Heath (Eds.), Rhetorical and
Critical Approaches to Public Relations, pp. 131-163.
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Gramsci, Antonio (1971). Selections from the prison notebooks.
London: Lawrence and Wishart.
Hardy, Cynthia (1985). The nature of unobtrusive power. Journal of
Management Studies, 22(4), 384-399.
Lasch, Christopher (1995). The revolt of the elites and the
betrayal of democracy. New York: W.W. Norton.
Liebert, R. J., & Imersheim, A.W., eds. (1977). Power, paradigms
and community research. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Mills, C. Wright (1957). The power elite. New York: Oxford U.
Press.
Stone, C. (1980). Systemic power in community decision-making. A
restatement of stratification theory. American Political
Science Review, 74, 978-990.
Conflict
Bonoma, Thomas V. (1976). Conflict, cooperation and trust in three
power systems. Behavioral Science, 21, 499-514.
Deutch, Morton (1969). Conflicts: productive and destructive.
Journal of Social Issues, 25(1), 7-41.
Eisenstadt, S.N. (1995). Power, trust and meaning.
Eldridge, Alfred f. (1979). Images of conflict. New York:St.
Martin's Press.
Gaski, John R. (1984). The theory of power and conflict in
channels of distribution. Journal of Marketing, 48 (Summer),
9-30.
Johnson, Peter (1993). Frames of deceit.
Pondy, Louis R. (1967). Organizational conflict: concepts and
models: Administrative Science Quarterly, 12, 296-320.
Involvement
Heath, Robert L. & Douglas, William (1990). Involvement: A key
variable in people's reaction to public policy issues. Public
Relations Research Annual, 2, 193-204.
Heath, Robert L. & Douglas, William (1991). Effects of involvement
on reactions to sources of messages and to message clusters.
Public Relations Research Annual, 3, 179-194.
Nathan, Kathy, Heath, Robert L. & Douglas, William (1992).
Tolerance for potential environmental health risks: The
influence of knowledge, benefits, control, involvement and
uncertainty. Paper presented to International Communication
Association, Miami.
Salmon, Charles T. (1986). Perspectives on involvement in consumer
and communication research. In Brenda Dervin (Ed.), Progress
in Communication Sciences, 7, 243-268. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.
Trust, Satisfaction and Victimization
Trust
Ardnt, Johan (1979). Toward a concept of domesticated markets.
Journal of Marketing, 43 (Fall), 69-75.
Fox, Alan (1974). Beyond contract
Freeman, R.E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder
approach. Boston: Pittman.
Gundlach, Gregory T. & Murphy, Patrick E. (1993). Ethical and
legal foundations of relational marketing exchanges, Journal
of Marketing, 57 (October), 35-46.
Luhmann, Niklas (1979). Trust and power. New York: Wiley.
Macneil, Ian R. (1980). The new social contract: An inquiry into
modern contractual relations. New Haven, CT: Yale U. Press.
Morgan, Robert W. & Hunt, Shelby D. (1993). The commitment-trust
theory of relational marketing. Journal of Marketing, 58(3),
20-38.
Oliver, Christine (1990). Determinants of interorganizational
relationships: integration and future directions. Academy of
Management Review, 15(2), 241-264.
Ouchi, William G. (1980). Markets, bureaucracies and clans.
Administrative Science Quarterly, 25 (March), 129-141.
Weick, K.E. (1987). Organizational culture as a source of high
reliability. California Management Review, 24, 112-127.
Williamson, Oliver E. (1985). The economic institutions of
capitalism. New York: Free Press. [Transactional cost
analysis]
Victimization
Hughes, Robert (1994). Culture of complaint. New York: Warner
Books.
Dershowitz, Alan (1993). The abuse excuse. Boston: Little, Brown.
Negative Publicity
Mizerski, Richard W. (1992). An attribution explanation of the
disproportionate influence of unfavorable information.
Journal of Consumer Research, 8, 301-309.
Mowen, John C. (1979). Consumer reactions to product recalls. An
empirical and theoretical examination.
Mowen, John C. (1981) Further information on consumer perceptions
of public recalls. In Jerry C. Olson (Ed.). Advances in
Consumer Research, 8, 519-522.
Pratto, Felicia & John, Oliver P. (1991). Automatic vigilance:
the attention grabbing power of negative social information.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(3), 380-391.
Sherrell, Daniel, Reidenbach, R. Eric, Moore, Ellen, Wagle, Jay &
Spralin, Taddeus (1985). Exploring consumer response to
negative publicity. Public Relations Review, 11(1), 13-28.
Weinberger, Marc G. & Dillon, William R. (1981). The effects of
unfavorable product rating information. In Jerry C. Olson
(Ed.), Advances in Consumer Research, 8, 528-532.
Risk
General: Concept of Social Risk
Bromley, D.W.& Segerson, K., eds. (1992). The social response to
environmental risk. Boston: Kluwer.
Christianson, S.A. (1991). Remembering emotional events; The fate
of detailed information. Emotion & Cognition, 5, 81-108.
Fishoff, B., Watson, S.R. & Hope (1984). Defining risk. Policy
Sciences, 17, 123-139.
Freudenberg, William (1993). Risk and recreancy: Weber, the
division of labor and the rationality of risk perceptions.
Social Forces, 71(4), 909-32.
Gibson, R. & Zillman, Dolf (1994). Exaggerated versus
representational exemplification in news reports. Perception
of issues and personal consequences. Communication Research,
21(5), 602-624.
Johnson, B.B. & Covello, V.T. (1987). The social and cultural
construction of risk. Essays on risk selection and
perception. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidell.
Kasperson, R.E., Renn, O., Slovic, P., Brown, H.S., Emel, J.,
Goble, R. Kasperson, J.X. & Ratick, S. (1988). The social
amplification of risk: A conceptual framework. Risk
Analysis, 8(2), 177-187.
Lukaszewski, James E. (1992, Feb. 1). Managing fear. Vital
Speeches, 58(8), 238-241.
Laird, F.N. (1989). The decline of deference; The political
context of risk communication. Risk Analysis, 9, 543-550.
Nelkin, D. (1989). Communicating technological risk: The social
construction of risk perception. Annual Review of Public
Health, 10, 95-113.
Otway, H. & Von Winterfeldt, D. (1982). Beyond acceptable risk:
On the social acceptability of technologies. Policy Sciences,
14, 247-256.
Pilisuk, M. & Acredolo, C. (1988). Fear of technological hazards:
One concern or many? Social Behavior, 3, 17-24.
Pilisuk, M., Parks, S. H. & Hawkes, G. (1987). Public perception
of technological risk. Social Science Journal, 24(4), 403-
413.
Sandman, P., Weinstein, N. & Klotz, M. (1987). Public response to
the risk from geological radon. Journal of Communication,
37(3), 93-108.
Schwing, R. & Albers, W.A. (1980). Societal risk assessment: How
safe is safe enough? New York: Plenum.
Slovic, P. (1987, April 17). Perception of risk. Science, 236,
28-285.
Wildavski, A. (1988). Searching for safety. New Brunswick, NJ:
Transaction.
Weinstein, N.D., ed. (1987). Taking care: Understanding and
encouraging self-protective behavior. Cambridge: Cambridge U.
Press.
Psychological Processes
Baesler, E.J. & Burgoon, J.K. (1994). The temporal effects of
story and statistical evidence on belief change.
Communication Research, 21(5), 582-602.
Batista, Leandro, & Straughan (1992). Dimensions influencing risk
perception: the case of lung disease. Unpublished paper,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Johnson, E.J. & Tversky, Amos (1983). Affect, generalization and
the perception of risk. Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology, 45, 20-31.
Mundorf, N., Drew, D. Zillman, D & Weaver, J. (1990). Effects of
disturbing news on recall of subsequently presented news.
Communication Research, 17(5), 601-615.
Mundorf, N., Drew, D., Zillman, D. & Weaver, J. (1991). Effects of
disturbing televised events on the acquisition of subsequently
presented commercials. Journal of Advertising, 20(1), 46-53.
Perloff, L.S. & Fetzer, B.K. (1986). Self-other judgments and
perceived vulnerability to victimization. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 502-510.
Rethans, Arno J. & Hastak, Manoj (1982). Representation of product
hazards in consumer memory. In Andrew A. Mithcell (Ed.),
Advances in Consumer Research, 9, 487-493.
Svenson, O. (1988). Mental models of risk, communication and
action. Reflects on the social amplification of risk. Risk
Analysis, 8, 199-200.
Tanner, T.F., Day, E. & Crask, M.R. (1989). Protection motivation
theory: An extension of fear appeals theory in communication.
Journal of Business Research, 19(4), 267-276.
Tanner, T.F., Hunt, J.B. & Eppright, D.R. (1991). The protection
motivation model: A normative model of fear appeals. Journal
of Marketing, 55(3), 36-45.
Risk Communication
Burleson, Brant R. (1995). Communication Yearbook, 18. Thousand
Oaks, CA: Sage. Section 2 of this annual contains six up-to-
date articles on developments in health and environmental risk
theory and research.
Cohn, Victor (1990). Reporting on risk. Getting right it in the
age of risk. Washington, DC: The Media Institute.
Coleman, Cynthia-Lou (1995). Science, technology and risk coverage
of a community conflict. Media, Culture & Society, 17, 65-79.
Dunwoody, Sharon & Peters, Hans Peter (1992). Media coverage of
technological and environmental risks: a survey in the United
States and Germany. Public Understanding of Science, 1, 199-
230.
Gunther, A.C. & Mundy, P. (1993). Biased optimism and the third-
person effect, Journalism Quarterly, 70(1), 58-67.
Ferguson, M.A., Valenti, J.M. & Melwani, G. (1991). Communicating
with risk takers: A public relations perspective. In L.A.
Grunig & J.E. Grunig (Eds.), Public Relations Research
Annual, 3, pp. 195-224). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Fitchen, J.M., Fessenden-Raden, J. & Heath, J.S. (1987). Providing
risk information in communities: Factors influencing what is
heard and accepted. Science, Technology & Human Values,
12(3&4), 94-101.
Griffin, Robert J. & Dunwoody, Sharon (1995). Impacts of
information subsidies and community structure on local press
coverage of environmental contamination. Journalism
Quarterly, 72(2), 271-284.
Heath, Robert L. & Nathan, Kathy (1990-91). Public relations' role
in risk communication: Information, rhetoric and power.
Public Relations Quarterly, 35, 15-22.
Keeney, R.F. & von Winterfeldt, D. (1986). Improving risk
communication. Risk Analysis, 6(4), 417-424.
Leiss, W. ed. (1989). Prospects and problems in risk
communication. University of Waterloo Press.
Lievrouw, L.A. (1990). Communication and social representation of
scientific knowledge. Critical Studies in Mass Communication,
7(1), 1-10.
Mazur, A. (981). Media coverage and public opinion on scientific
controversies. Journal of Communication, 31(2), 106-115.
Michigan Sea Grant Program and Foundation for American
Communications (1995). Reporting on risk: A handbook for
citizens and journalists. Annapolis, MD: The Annapolis
Center.
Meeting the challenge of risk communication (1991). Public
Relations Journal, 46(1), 28-29
National Research Council (1989). Improving risk communication.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Renz, May Ann (1992) Communicating about environmental risk: an
examination of a Minnesota county's communication on
incineration. Journal of Applied Communication Research,
20(1), 1-18. (Winona,MN)
Sachsman, David B. (1976). Public relations influence on coverage
of environment in San Francisco area. Journalism Quarterly,
53, 54-60.
Salomone, Kandice L., Greenberg, Michael R., Sandman, Peter M. and
David Sachsman (1990). A question of quality: How journalists
and news sources evaluate coverage of environmental risk.
Journal of Communication, 40(4), 117-130.
Sandman, Peter M. (1993). Responding to community outrage.
Strategies for effective risk communication. Fairfax, VA:
American Industrial Hygiene Association.
Singer, Eleanor (1990). A question of accuracy. How journalists
and scientists report on hazards. Journal of Communication,
40(4), 102-116.
Singer, Eleanor and Endrency, Phyllis M. (1993). Reporting on
risk. How the mass media portray accidents, diseases,
disasters and other hazards. New York: Russell Sage
Foundation.
Tyler, T. R. & Cook, F.L. (1984). The mass media and judgments of
risk: Distinguishing impact on personal and societal level
judgments. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.
47(4), 693-708.
Wilkens, Lee & Patterson, Philip, Eds. (1991). Risky business.
Communicating issues of science, risk and public policy. New
York: Greenwood Press.
Weinstein, N. & Sandman, P. (1993). Some criteria for evaluating
risk messages. Risk Analysis, 13(1), 103-114.
Social Responsibility
Aguilar, Francis J. (1994). Supercharging corporate performance.
Business ethics in action. New York: Oxford U. Press.
Avishi, Bernard (1994, Jan-Feb). What is the business social
compact? Harvard Business Review, 38-47.
Baker, Lee W. (1992). The credibility factor. Homewood, IL:
Business One Irwin.
Caldwell, Lynton K. (1994). Conditions for social responsibility.
American Behavioral Scientist, 38(1), 172-193.
Carroll Archie B. (1989). Business and society. Ethics and
stakeholder management. South-West Publishing Co.
Carson, Thomas (1993, Spring). Friedman's theory of corporate
social responsibility.Business and Professional Ethics
Journal,12(1),3-32.
Childs, Harwood (1930s). An introduction to public opinion. New
York: John Wiley.
Ducas, John J. (1971). Corporate citizenship. Chap. 14 in Howard
Stephenson, ed., Handbook of Public Relations, pp. 319-340.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Dispatches from front lines of corporate social responsibility
(1992). Business and Society Review, no. 81, 22-29.
Epstein, Marc J. (1994, June). Shareholder preferences concerning
corporate ethical performance. Journal of Business Ethics,
13(6), 447-453.
Friedman, Milton (1970, Sept. 13). The social responsibility of
business is to increase its profits. New York Times Magazine.
Freeman, R. Edward (1989). Strategic management: A stakeholder
approach. Boston: Pitman.
Freudberg, David (1986). The corporate conscience: Money, power
and responsible business. New York: AMACOM HD60.5.U5.
Gustafson, James M. (1992). The booming business of business
ethics. Business and Society Review, No. 81, 84-86.
Heald, Morrell (1970). The social responsibilities of business:
Company and community, 1900-1960. Cleveland, OH: Case Western
Reserve U. Press.
Hoffman, W. Michael et al.(1994). Business ethics. New York:McGraw-
Hill.
Kleiner, Art (1992). The three faces of Dow Chemical. Business and
Society Review, no. 80, 28-47.
LaRue, Tone Hosner (1994). Moral leadership in business. Boston:
Irwin.
Martinson, David L. (1994). Enlightened self-interest fails as an
ethical baseline in public relations. Journal of Mass Media
Ethics 9(2), 100-109.
Mitchell, Russell & O'Neal, Michael (1994, Aug. 1). Managing by
values. Business Week, No. 3383, 46-53.
Morano, Roy W. (1984). The protestant challenge to corporate
America. Issues of social responsibility. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI
Research Press.
Moskiber, Russell (1988). Corporate crime and violence. Big
business power and the abuse of public trust. San
Francisco:Sierra Club Books.
Pearson, Ron (1990). Business ethics as communication ethics:
Public relations practice and the idea of dialogue. In Carl
H. Botan & Vincent Hazleton, Jr., eds., Public relations
theory, pp. 111-134. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Petit, Thomas J. The moral crisis in management. New York:McGraw-
Hill. See esp. Chap. 4, The doctrine of social
responsibility, pp. 57-82.
Sinclair, Amanda (1993). Approaches to organizational culture and
ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 12(1), 27-38.
Springen, Karen, (1992). Codes to live by. Business Ethics, 6(1),
14-15.
Steiner, George A. & Steiner, John F. (1994). Business, government
& society, 7th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Vallance, Elizabeth (1993). What is business? Ethics and the aim
of business. Business Strategy Review, 4(1), 45-53.
Werner, Simcha (1992). The movement for reforming American
business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(1), 61-70.
Enactment and Impression Management Theories
Boulding, Kenneth (1959). The image. Ann Arbor: U. of Michigan
Press.
Budd, John F., Jr. (1994-95, Winter). How to manage corporate
reputations. Public Relations Quarterly, 39(4), 11-15.
Cheney, George (1992). The corporate person (re)presents itself.
In Elizabeth A. Toth & Robert L. Heath, ed., Rhetorical and
critical approaches to public relations, pp. 165-183.
Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Cheney, George and George N. Dionisopoulos (1992). Public
relations? No, relations with publics: A rhetorical-
organizational approach to contemporary corporate
communications. In Carl H. Botan & Vincent Hazelton, Jr.,
eds. Public relations theory, pp. 135-158.
Giacalone, Robert & Rosenfeld, Paul (1991). Applied impression
management: how image-making affects managerial decisions.
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Giacalone, Robert A. & Beard, Jon W. (1994). Impression
management, diversity and international management. American
Behavioral Scientist, 37(5), 621-637.
Goffman, Erving (1959). The presentation of self in everyday life.
Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Goffman, Erving (1971). Relations in public. Microstudies of the
public order. New York: Harper Colophon.
Heath, Robert L. (1994). Companies as negotiated enactment of
stakeholder interests. Chapter 6 in Management of corporate
communication: from interpersonal contacts to external
affairs, pp. 147-174. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Heath, Robert L. (1992). The wrangle in the marketplace: A
rhetorical perspective of public relations. In Elizabeth L.
Roth and Robert L. Heath (Eds.), Rhetorical and critical
approaches to public relations, pp. 17-36. Hillsdale,NJ:
Erlbaum.
Heath, Robert L. (1992). Critical perspectives on public
relations. In Elizabeth L. Roth and Robert L. Heath (Eds.),
Rhetorical and critical approaches to public relations, pp.
37-64. Hillsdale,NJ: Erlbaum.
Lauzen, Martha M. (1994). Public relations practitioner role
enactment in issues management. Journalism Quarterly, 72(2),
356-369.
Gaines, Susan (1994, March-April). Handing out halos. Business
Ethics, 8(2), 20-23.
Roddick, Anita (1994, Jan. 15). Corporate responsibility: Good
works, not good words. Vital Speeches, 60(7), 196-198.
Rosenfield, Paul, Giacalone, Robert A. & Riordan, Catherine A.
(1994). Impression management theory and diversity: lessons
for organizational behavior. American Behavioral Scientist,
37(5), 601-604.
Schlenker, Barry R. (1980). Impression management: The self-
concept, social identity and interpersonal relations.
Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Tedeschi, James T., ed. (1981). Impression management theory and
social psychological research. New York: Academic Press.
Constructionism (includes Symbolic Interactionism)
Berger, Peter & Luckman, Thomas (1966). The social construction of
reality.
Best, Joel, ed. (1989). Images of issues: Typifying social
problems. New York: Aldine de Guyter.
Blumer, Herbert (1969). Symbolic interactionism. Berkeley: U. of
California Press.
Edelman, Murray (1985). The symbolic uses of politics, updated ed.
Urbana, IL: U. of Illinois Press.
Edelman, Murray (1988). Constructing the political spectacle.
Chicago: U. of Chicago Press.
Mead, George Herbert (1934). Mind, self and society. Chicago: U.
of Chicago Press.
Mendelsohn, Harold (1990). Mind, affect and action: construction
theory and the media effects dialectic. In Sidney Kraus
(Ed.), Mass communication and political information
processing. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Neumann, W. Russell, Just, Marion R. & Crigler, Ann N. (1992).
Common knowledge: news and the construction of political
meaning. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press.
Nimmo, Dan D. (1983). Mediated political realities. New York:
Longman.
Rachlin, A. (1988). News as hegemonic reality: American political
culture and the framing of news accounts. New York: Praeger.
Spector, Malcolm & Kituse, John I. (1987). Constructing social
problems. New York: Aldine de Guyter.
Wilkins, Lee & Patterson, Philip (1987). Risk analysis and the
construction of news. Journal of Communication, 37(3), 80-92.
VI. PROACTIVE COMMUNITY RELATIONS PROGRAMS
Community Relations Research
Blake, David H., Frederick, William C. & Myers, Mildred S. (1976)
Social auditing. Evaluating the impact of corporate
programs. New York: Praeger.
Bracht, N.F. (1988). Use of community analysis methods in
community-wide intervention programs. Scandinavian Journal of
Primary Health Care, Supplement 1, 23-30.
Fawcett, Stephen B. (1991). Some values guiding community research
and action. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 24(4), 621-
637.
Fetberling, J. Ted (1993, November). How to survey your community.
American Demographics, p. 52(4 pages).
Finnegan, John R., Jr., Bracht, N. & Viswanath (1989). Community
power and leadership analysis in lifestyle campaigns. In
Charles T. Salmon (Ed.) Information campaigns: Balancing
social values and social change, pp. 54-84. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Lindemann, Walter K. (1980). Use of community case studies in
opinion research. Public Relations Review, 6(1), 40-50.
McCain, T.A., & Hofstetter, C.R. (1982). Leaders of opinion for
ascertainment in the black community. The method is the
message. Social Science Journal, 19, 25-44.
Tichenor, Philip J., Donohue, George A. & Olien, Clarice N. (1977).
Community research and evaluating community relations. Public
Relations Review, 3(4), 96-109.
Coalition Building
Barrier, Michael (1993, January). Where quality is a language.
Nation's Business, 81(1), 57(3 pages). [Monsanto plant in
South Carolina involves community in quality management
process]
Crosby, N., Kelly, J.M. & Schaefer, P. (1986). Citizen panels: A
new approach to citizen participation. Public Administration
Review, 46, 170-178.
Forstner, Gordon, & Bales, Jack (1992). Building dialogue into the
public relations consultation process. Public Relations
Quarterly, 37(3), 31-35.
Freeman, L.C., Fararo, T.J. & Bloomberg, W. Jr. & Sunshine, M.H.
(1963). Locating leaders in local communities. A comparison
of some alternative approaches. American Sociological Review,
28, 791-798.
Harris, James T. (1992). Working with environmental groups.
Public Relations Journal, 48(5), 24-25.
Hirschborn, Joel S. (1993, Summer). A model for improved community
relations. Journal of Environmental Regulation, 2(4), 387-
398.
Kipps, Harriett Clyde (1991). Volunteerism. New Providence, NJ:
R.R. Bowker.
McDermott, David (1993, September). The 10 commandments of
community relations. World Wastes, 36(9), 48-52.
Rothenbuhler, Eric W. (1991). The process of community
involvement. Communication Monographs, 58(1), 63-79.
Tedone, David (1983). Networking. Chapter 9 in Practical
publicity: How to boost any cause. Boston: Harvard Commons
Press.
Tucker, Kerry & McNerney, Sharon Long (1992, January). Building
coalitions to initiate change. Public Relations Journal,
48(1), 28-30.
Wilson, Laurie J. (1994). Excellent companies and coalition-
building among the Fortune 500: a value- and relationship-
based theory. Public Relations Review, 20(4), 333-344.
Wiener, Joshua Lyle (1991). A framework for promoting cooperation.
Journal of Marketing, 55(2), 38-48.
Events (also see Cause Marketing/Sponsorships)
Bauman, Lorraine & Daniels, Elizabeth (1990, August). Making an
open house a special event. Public Relations Journal, 44(8),
32-33.
Flynn, John M. (1993). Site visits aid search for common ground.
Public Relations Journal. 49(5), 26.
Tavernier, Gerard (1974, June). Is your company worth a visit?
International Management, 24-28.
Philanthropy and Community Investment
Baumot, W. J. (1970). Enlightened self-interest and corporate
philanthropy. In W.J. Baumot, et al., eds, A new rationale
for corporate social policy. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
Chagy, Gideon (undated). The new patrons of the arts. New York:
Harry N. Abrams
Eelles, Richard (1967). The corporation and the arts. New York:
Macmillan.
Elles, Richard (1968, January). A philosophy for corporate giving.
The Conference Board Record, 15.
Epstein, Marc J. (1993, Summer). The fall of corporate charitable
contributions. Public Relations Quarterly, 38(2), 37-39.
Freeman, Harry L. Corporate strategic philanthropy. Vital
Speeches, 58(8), 246-250.
Gaines, Susan (1992, March-April). They still give away money.
Business Ethics, 6(2), 16.
Galen, Michael (1994, Sept. 26). Linking hands in the cities.
Business Week, No. 3391, 81-82.
Kelly, K.S. (1991). Fund raising and public relations: a critical
analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
LeGates, Charlotte (1992, February). Getting your dollar's worth
from donations. Bankers Monthly, 109(2), 34.
Levy, Raymond & Oviatt, Frank, Jr. (1989). Corporate philanthropy.
In Bill Cantor (ed. by Chester Burger), Experts in action:
inside pr, pp. 126-138. New York: Longman.
Lord, James G. (1981). Philanthropy and marketing: New strategies
for fund raising. Cleveland, OH: Third Sector Press.
Mander, Jerry (1992). The myth of corporate conscience. Business
and Society Review, no. 81, 56-64.
Payton, Robert et al. (1988). Philanthropy: Four Views. New
Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publications.
Schuman, Michael (1993, Dec. 29). How to choose a charity.
Forbes, 152, 228.
Schmertz, Herb (1986). Affinity-of-purpose marketing: The case of
Masterpiece Theatre. Chapter 8 in Good-bye to the low
profile, pp. 209-233. Boston: Little Brown.
Show, Bill & Post, Frederick R. (1993). A moral basis for
corporate philanthropy. Journal of Business Ethics, 12(10),
745-752.
Smith, Menlo F. & Mendis, Patrick (1994). Should corporations be
charitable? Business and Society Review, No. 89, 10-12.
Taub, Richard (1994). Community capitalism. New York: McGraw-
Hill. Creation of an inner-city bank in Chicago.
Schools Related Programs
Ely-Lawrence, Deborah (1994, April). Writing classroom materials
that make the grade. Public Relations Journal, 50(4), 26.
Committee for Economic Development (1985). Investing in our
children. Business and the public schools. New York: CED.
Ryan, Suzanne Alexander (1994, April 19). Companies teach all
sorts of lessons with educational tools they give away. Wall
Street Journal, p. B1, B10.
Cause Marketing/Sponsorships
IEG Directory of Sponsorship Marketing (1992). Chicago, IL: IEG.
Pearlstein, Steve (1992, July-August). Saving the world through
marketing. Business Ethics, 6(4), 16.
Schreiber, Alfred L. (1994). Lifestyle and events marketing. New
York: McGraw-Hill.
Smith, Geoffrey, & Stodghill, Ron II (1994, March 21). Behind the
do-gooder pitch; Are good causes good marketing? Business
Week, No. 3363, 64-65.
Smith, Tim (1994, Winter). The power of business for human rights.
Business and Society Review, No. 88, 36-38.
VI. CRISIS MANAGEMENT--GENERAL
Barton, L. (1993). Crisis in organizations. Managing and
communicating in the heat of chaos. Cincinnati, OH: South-
Western Publishing.
Coombs, W. Timothy (1994). Crisis management paradigms. The
unfinished agenda. Paper presented to International
Communication Association, Sydney.
Charles, Michael & Kim, John (1988). Crisis management: A casebook
for survival. Citation not available.
Fearn-Banks, Kathleen (1995). Crises communication. A casebook
approach. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Fink, Steven (1986). Crisis management: planning for the
inevitable. New York: AMACOM.
Fink, Steven, Beak, J. & Taddeo, K. (1971). Organizational crisis
and change. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 7, 15-37.
Gottschalk, Jack A., ed. (1993). Crisis response: Inside stories
on managing image under siege. Washington, DC: Visible Ink
Press.
Green, Peter Sheldon (1994). Reputation is everything. Burr
Ridge, IL: Irwin.
Janis, Irving L. (1989). Crucial decisions: Leadership in policy
making & crisis management. New York: Free Press.
Lagadec, P. (1987). Communication strategies in crisis situations.
Industrial Crisis Quarterly, 1, 19-26.
Marconi, Joe (1986). Crisis marketing: when bad things happen to
good companies. Chicago: Probus.
Meyers, Gerald C. (1986). When it hits the fan: Managing the nine
crises of business. New York: New American Library.
Mitroff, Ian I. (1988). Break-away thinking: How to challenge your
business assumptions (and why you should). New York: Wiley.
Mitroff, Ian I. & Pearson, Christine M. (1993). Crisis management.
A diagnostic guide for improving your organization's crisis
preparedness. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Mitroff, Ian I. & Pauchant, T.C. (1990). We're so big and powerful
that nothing bad can happen to us. New York: Carol
Publishing.
Mitroff, Ian I., Pauchant, T.C. & Shrivastava, P. (1988a).
Conceptual and empirical issues in the development of a
general theory of crisis management. Technological
Forecasting and Social Change, 33, 83-107.
Mitroff, Ian I., Pauchant, T.C. & Shrivastava, P. (1988b). Forming
a crisis portfolio. Security Management, 33, 101-108.
Nystrom, P.C. & Starbuck, W.H. (1984). To avoid organizational
crises, unlearn. Organizational Dynamics, 12, 53-65.
O'Connor, J. (1987). The meaning of crisis: A theoretical
introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Patterson, Bill (1993, November). Crises impact on reputation
management. Public Relations Journal, 49(11), 40ff.
Pauchant, T.C. & Mitroff, Ian I. (1988). Crisis prone versus
crisis avoiding organizations. Industrial Crisis Quarterly,
2, 53-63.
Pauchant, T.C, Mitroff, I.I. & Pearson, C. (1991). Crisis
management and strategic management: Similarities,
differences and challenges. In P. Shrivatava, A. Huff and J.
Dutton (Eds.), Advances in strategic management, Vol.8,
Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.
Pinsdorf, Marion (1986). Communicating when your company is under
siege: Surviving public crisis. New York: Free Press.
Slaikeu, K.A. (1984). Crisis intervention: A handbook for practice
and research. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Smart, C.F. & Vertinsky, I. (1977). Designs for crisis decision
units. Administrative Science Quarterly, 22, 640-657.
Smart, C.F. & Vertinsky, I. (1984). Strategy and environment: A
study of corporate responses to crises. Strategic Management
Journal, 5, 199-213.
Sturges, D.L. (1994). Communicating through crisis. A strategy
for organizational survival. Management Communication
Quarterly, 7(3), 297-316.
Ten Berge, Dieudonne (1990). The first 24 hours: A comprehensive
guide to successful crisis communications. Colchester, VT:
Blackwell Business.
Crisis Plans/Communication Strategies
Adams, William C. (1992-93, Winter). The role of media relations
in risk communication. Public Relations Quarterly, 37(4), 28-
31.
Adams, William C. (1992, September). Helping your organization
triumph over negatives. Public Relations Quarterly, 37(1),
12-17.
Bernstein, Alan (1988). Emergency public relations manual, 4th ed.
Highland Park, NJ: PASE.
Birch, John (1994, Spring);. New factors in crisis planning and
response. Public Relations Quarterly, 39(1), 31-34.
Budd, John F., Jr. (1992, Summer). The myth of the communications
"cure." Public Relations Quarterly, 37(2), 24-25.
Crisis news coverage up 45% (1993, May). Public Relations Journal,
45(5), 7.
Corrrado, F.M. (1984). Communicating in a crisis. A pocket guide
for emergencies.
Covello, V.T., Sandman, Peter M., & Slovic, P. (1988). Risk
communication, risk statistics and risk comparisons; A manual
for plant managers. Washington, D.C.: Chemical Manufacturers
Association.
Lagadec, P. (1989). Principles and checklist for handling
postaccident crises. Paper presented to Second International
Conference on Industrial and Organizational Crisis Management,
New York.
The myth of the crisis plan (1993, June). Inside pr, 11(2), 10-21.
Sandman, Peter M., Sachsman, David B., Greenberg, M.R. & Gochfeld,
M. (1987). Environmental risk and the press. New Brunswick,
NJ: Transaction Books.
Sandman, Peter M. (1986). Explaining environmental risk. Some
notes on environmental risk communication. Washington, D.C.:
TSCA Assistance Office, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Sandman, Peter M., Sachsman, David B. & Greenberg, Michael R.
(1987). The environmental risk source: Informing the media
during an environmental crisis. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers
University.
Shell, Adam (1993, September). In a crisis, what you say isn't
always that the public hears. Public Relations Journal,
49(9), 10-11.
Tortorella, Albert J. (1989, June). Crisis communication: If it had
a precedent, it wouldn't be a crisis. Communication World,
42-45.
Wexler, Jim (1993, November). Using broadcast television to
control a crisis. Communication World, 10(10), 30-31.
Woodyard, Chris (1990, February 20). After spill, BP soaked up oil
and good press. Los Angeles Times, p. BF1, 10.
VI. CRISIS MANAGEMENT--SPECIFIC SITUATIONS
Accidents
Bowonder, B. & Lindstone, H.A. (1987). Notes on the Bhopal
accident: risk analysis and multiple perspectives.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 32, 183-202.
Kiesche, Elisabeth S. (1992, June 17). Responsible care: Sybron
Chemicals. Chemical Week, 150(23), 98-99.
Mullin, Rick (1992, June 17). Canada's front line cooperation and
spills in the Chemical Valley. Chemical Week, 150(23), 92-93.
Pauchant, T.C. & Mitroff, Ian I. (1990). Crisis management:
Managing paradox in a chaotic world--The case of Bhopal.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 38, 99-114.
Pauchant, T.C., Mitroff, I.I., Weldon, D.N. & Ventolo, G.F. (1990).
The ever expanding scope of industrial crises: A systemic
study of the Hinsdale telecommunications outage. Industrial
Crisis Quarterly, 4, 243-261.
Perrow, C. (1984). Normal accidents: Living with high-risk
technologies. New York: Basic Books.
Pinsdorf, Marion K. (1991, Spring). Flying different skies: How
cultures respond to airline disasters. Public Relations
Review,____
37-56.
Reish, Marc S. (1994, Feb. 28) Chemical industry tries to improve
its community relations. Chemical and Engineering News,
72(9), (10 pages).
Report of the Presidential Commission on the Space Shuttle
Challenger Accident (1986). No. 04000000496-3. Washington,
DC: GPO
Schwartz, H.S. (1989). Organizational disaster and organizational
decay: The case of the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration. Industrial Crises Quarterly, 3, 319-334.
Sen, Falguni & Egelhoff, William G. (1991, Spring). Six years and
counting: Learning from crisis management at Bhopal. Public
Relations Review, ___, 69-84.
Sethi, S. P. (1985). The inhuman error; Lessons from Bhopal. New
Management, 3, 40-44.
Stephens, M. & Edison, N.G. (1982). News media coverage of issues
during the accident at Three Mile Island, Journalism
Quarterly, 59, 199-204, 259.
Shrivastava, P. (19876). Bhopal: Anatomy of a crisis. New York:
Ballinger, 1987.
Starbuck, W.H. & Milliken, F.J. (1988). Challenger: Fine-tuning
the odds until something breaks. Journal of Management
Studies, 25, 319-340.
Vendrell, Ignasi B. (1993, December). Oil spills show lessons
still not learned. Public Relations Journal, 49(12), 40 (two
pages).
Weir, D. (1987). The Bhopal syndrome: pesticides, environment and
health. San Francisco, CA: Sierra Club Books.
Wilkinson, C.B. (1983). Aftermath of a disaster: The collapse of
the Hyatt Regency Hotel skywalk. American Journal of
Psychiatry, 140, 1134-1139.
Zoda, Suzanne (1994, May). Dealing with your company's worst
nightmare. Communication World, 11(5), 16-20.
Disasters, Natural
Fern-Banks, Kathleen (1994, Fall). No resources, no tools, no
equipment: Crisis communications after the Southern
California earthquake. Public Relations Quarterly, 39(3), 23-
27.
Greenberg, Keith Elliott & Shell, Adam (1993, Sep). Keeping
business afloat during a disaster. Public Relations Journal,
49(9), 6-10. Midwest floods responses.
Logsdon, Gene (1992, October). When a violent storm hits a
community. BioCycle, 33(10), 32-34. (Waste management in
Sandusky, Ohio).
Mitchell, Elise (1993, February). Weathering the storm. Public
Relations Journal, 49(2), 11-12. Hot Spring, Ark. Visitors
and Convention Bureau.
Roskelley, Scot (1994, May). Hurricane sends communication back to
basics. Public Relations Journal, 50(3), 32-34.
Environment (Non-accident)
Brion, Denis J. (1991). Essential industry and the NIMBY
phenomenon. Westport, CT: Quorum Books.
Bucholz, Rogene A. (1993). Principles of environmental management:
The greening of business. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall.
Carney, Bill (1993, May). Communicating risk. Communication World
10(5), 12(4 pages).
Cotch, Peter (1993, April). Savvy companies tap expertise of
environment czars. Public Relations Journal, 49(4), 9.
Elkins, Paul (1992). Gaia atlas of green economics. New York:
Anchor/Doubleday.
Environmental issues: corporate objectives and goals (1993,
October). Public Relations Journal, 49(10),
Harrison, E. Bruce (1993). How to communicate your company's
environmental commitment. Homewood, IL: Business One Irwin.
Helvarg, David (1995). The war against the greens. San Francisco,
CA: Sierra Club Books.
Inhaber, Herbert (1992, September). Of lulus, Nimbys and NIMTOOS,
The Public Interest, 107, 52-65.
Ledgerwood, Grant et al. (1994). Implementing an environmental
audit. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin Professional.
Managing environmental information and crises is called the
environmental challenge of the 90s (1993, March).
Supervision, 54(3), 6-7.
Wilk, David (1993). Big city fish: an environmental thriller.
Salt Lake City, UT: Northwest. Novel based on Exxon Valdez
disaster.
Ottman, Jacqueline (1993). Green marketing. Lincolnwood, IL: NTC
Business Books.
Rotman, David (1992, June 17). Niagara Falls cascading change.
Chemical Week, 150(23), 85-86.
Szabo, Joan (1992, April). Management strategies: Sybron Chemicals
puts neighbors in the loop. Environment Today, 3(3), 20.
Willig, John T., Ed. (1994). Environmental TQM, 2nd ed. New York:
McGraw-Hill.
Financial Crises/Bankruptcy
Crisis management for financial institutions (1982). Chicago, IL:
U.S. League of Savings Institutions (now America's Community
Bankers).
Frankowiak, James R. (1992). Bankruptcy makes effective
communications even more vital. Public Relations Quarterly,
37(3), 18.
Ginsberg, Monica, (1992, June). Good news in bad times:
Communicating with key audiences helps banks overcome a crisis
of confidence. Bank Marketing, 24(7), 10-14.
Myers, Mary, & Jacobson, Truman (1993, February). Teamwork soothes
road from bankruptcy. Public Relations Journal, 49(2), 22(3
pages).
Saunders, Martha (1988, Summer). Eastern's employee communication
crisis: A case study. Public Relations Review, ___, 33-44.
Sobel, R. (1988). Panic on Wall Street. New York: Dutton.
Management/Employee Malfeasance/Crime
Albrecht, W. Steve et al. (1994). Fraud: Bringing light out of
the dark side of business. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin.
Cipalla, Rita (1993, August). Coping with crisis. Communication
World, 10(7), 28-31. United Way's response to president's
departure in 1992.
Cipalla, Rita (1992, August). Dealing with crisis the United Way.
Communication World, 9(8), 23-26.
Taylor, Ann Marie (1990, May-June), CEOs in the slammer.
Communication World, 5, 157-62.
Product Tamperings/Recall/Safety
Kurzbard, Gary, Siomkos, George J. (1992, March-April). Crafting
a damage control plan: Lessons from Perrier. Journal of
Business Strategy, 13(2), 29-33.
Mitroff, Ian I. & Kilmann, R.H. (1984). Corporate tragedies:
Product tampering, sabotage and other catastrophes. New York:
Praeger.
Murray, Eileen, & Shohen, Sandra (1992, February). Lessons from
the Tylenol tragedy on surviving a corporate crisis. Medical
Marketing & Media, 27(2), 14-17.
Poole, Steven (1992, July 6). The Gerber glass scare: How to deal
with the media. National Underwriter
(Property/Casualty/Employee Benefits, 96(27), 23-24.
Ramirez, Anthony (1990, June 3). From coffee to tobacco, boycotts
are a growth industry. New York Times, p. E1.
Rumptz, Mark T. et al. (1992). A public relations nightmare: Dow
Corning offers too little, too late. Public Relations
Quarterly, 37(2), 30-32.
Shell, Adam (1993, August). Pepsi's big scare. Public Relations
Journal, 49(8), 6 (2 pages).
Stanton, A. (1995). Pentium brouhaha a marketing lesson: Better
communications would have helped. Advertising Age, 20(6).
Wold, Marjorie (1992, January). MSG: Is it A-OK? Progressive
Grocer, 71(1), 69.
Product Boycotts/Protests
Jackson, Janice E., & Schultz, William T. (1993, Jan-Feb). Crisis
management lessons: When PUSH shoved Nike. Business Horizons,
36(1), 27(7 pages).
Pfalgraf, Jenny (1994, Summer). American Advertising, 10(2), 18-
21.
Scheid, Jon (1992, March). Activists render agriculture
defenseless. Agri Marketing, 30(2), 66.
Sethi, S. Prakash (1994). Multinational corporations and the
impact of public advocacy on corporate strategy. Hingham, MA:
Kleuver Academic Publishers. [Worldwide Nestle infant formula
boycott]
Terrorism/Violence/Civil Disobedience
Alali, A. Odasuo & Eke, Kenoye Kelvin, eds. (1991). Media coverage
of terrorism. Methods of diffusion. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Hall, Betty (1993, December). Lessons from Trade Center terrorist
attack. Public Relations Journal, 49(12), 9-11.
Leeman, Richard W. (1991). The rhetoric of terrorism and
counterterrorism. New York: Greenwood Press.
Mantell, Michael (1994). Ticking bombs: diffusing violence in the
work place. Burr Ridge, IL: Irwin.
Miller, Abraham H. (1982). Terrorism, the media and the law.
Dobbs Ferry, NY: Transnational Publishers.
Nacos, Brigitte Lebens (1994). Terrorism and the media: from the
Iran hostage crisis to the World Trade Center bombing. New
York: Columbia U. Press.
Paletz, David L. & Schmid, Alex P., eds. (1992). Terrorism and the
media. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Salva-Ramirez, Mary-Angie (1995). The San Ysidro massacre--ten
years later. Public Relations Quarterly, 40(1), 44-46.
[McDonalds shooting near San Diego, July 1984]
Schaeffert, Richard W. (1992). Media coverage and political
terrorists. A quantitative analysis. New York: Praeger.
Schmid, Alex P. (1982). Violence as communication: Insurgent
terrorism and the western news media. Beverly Hills, CA:
Sage.
Thomsen, Marilyn (1993, August). Church distances its name from
the Waco cult. Public Relations Journal, 49(8), 10-11.
Unger, Tom (1992, August). Riots focus spotlight on ethnic
communications. Public Relations Journal, 48(8), 5-6.
VII. ISSUES MANAGEMENT
General
Blankinship, Steve (1993, September). Issues management.
Communication World, 10(7), 24-28.
Bucholz, Rogene A. (1990). Essentials of public policy for
management, 2nd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bucholz, R.A., Evans, W.D. & Wagley, R.A. (1989) Management
response to public issues. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall.
Coombs, W. Timothy (1992). The failure of the task force on food
assistance: A case study of legitimacy in issues management.
Journal of Public Relations Research, 4(2), 101-120.
Crable, R. E. & Vibbert, S.L. (1985). Managing issues and
influencing public policy. Public Relations Review, 11(2), 3-
16.
Dutton, J.E. (1986). The processing of crisis and non-crisis
strategic issues. Journal of Management Studies, 23, 501-517.
Ewing, Raymond P. (1987). Managing the new bottom line: Issues
management for senior executives: Homewood, IL: Business One
Irwin.
Ewing, Raymond P. (1980). Evaluating issues management. Public
Relations Journal, 36(6), 14-16.
Ewing, Raymond P. (1990). Moving from micro to macro issues
management. Public Relations Review, 16(1), 19-24.
Heath, Robert L. & Nelson, Richard (1985). Issues management.
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Heath, Robert L. (1988). Strategic issues management: How
organizations influence and respond to public interests and
policies. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Heath, Robert L. (1994). Issues management. The unfinished agenda.
Paper presented to International Communication Association,
Sydney.
Lesly, Philip (1984). Overcoming opposition: A survival guide for
executives. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Manheim, Jarol B. (1991). All of the people, all of the time:
strategic communications and American politics. Armonk, NY:
M.E. Sharpe.
Marcus, Alfred et al. Business strategy and public policy. New
York: Greenwood.
Nagelschmidt, Joseph (1982). Public affairs handbook. New York:
AMACOM.
Ramsey, Shirley A. (1993). Issues management and the issue of
technologies in public relations. Public Relations Review,
19(3), 261-276.
Renfro, William L. (1994). Issues management in strategic
planning.
Schwartz, D.F. & Glynn, C.J. (1990). Issues management and
corporate public relations: Perceptions of corporate planners
and public relations professionals. Paper presented to
International Communication Association, Dublin.
Tucker, Kerry & Trumpfheller, William (1993, November). Building
an issues management tracking system. Public Relations
Journal, 49(11), 36-37.
Tucker, Kerry & Broom, Glen M. (1993, November). Managing issues
as a bridge of strategic planning. Public Relations Journal,
49(11), 38-40.
Wilson, Laurie, J. (1990). Corporate issues management: An
international view. Public Relations Review, 16(1), 40-51.
Advocacy Advertising
Bennett, W. Lance (1992). The governing crisis: media, money and
marketing in American politics. New York: St. Martin's Press.
Johnson-Carter, Karen S. & Copeland, Gary A. Negative political
advertising: coming of age. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Kern, Montague. 30-second politics: political advertising in the
eighties. New York: Greenwood.
Schmertz, Herb (1986). Good-bye to the low profile. The creative
art of confrontation. Boston: Little Brown.
Sethi, S. Prakash (1977). Advocacy advertising and large
corporations. Social conflict, big business image, the news
media and public policy. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
Vogt, Willie (1992, June). Shaping public perception. Marketing,
30(6).
Welty, Ward (1981, November). Is issue advertising working?
Public Relations Journal, 37(11), 11.
Bargaining and Negotiation
Fisher, Roger (1983). Negotiating power. American Behavioral
Scientist, 27(2), 149-166.
Gossen, Ron & Sharp, Kay (1987, December). How to manage the
dispute resolution. Public Relations Journal, 42(12), 35-36,
38.
Lesly, Philip (1992, Winter). Coping with opposition groups.
Public Relations Review, 18(4), 325-334.
Pires, Mary Ann (1989, April). Working with activist groups.
Public Relations Journal, 44(4), pp. 30-32.
Putnam, Linda L. & Jones, Tricia S. (1982). The role of
communication in bargaining. Human Communication Research,
8(3), 262-280.
Putnam, Linda (1992). Communication and negotiation. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage.
Pruitt, Dean G. (1981). Negotiation behavior. New York: Academic
Press.
Rose, Merrill (1991, Fall). Activism in the 90s: Changing role for
public relations. Public Relations Quarterly, 35(4), 28-32.
Rubin, Jeffrey Z. (1983). Negotiation: an introduction to some
issues and themes. American Behavioral Scientist, 27(2), 135-
147.
Rubin, Jeffrey Z. & Brown, Bert R. (1975). The social psychology of
bargaining and negotiation. New York: academic Press.
Slimak, Paula (1993, April). Build consensus to resolve disputes.
Public Relations Journal, 49(4), 32 (3 pages).
Young, Oran R. (1975). Bargaining: Formal theories of negotiation.
Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.
Environmental Scanning/Futures Research
Meng, Max (1992, March). Early identification aids issues
management. Public Relations Journal, 47(3), 22-24.
Ostapski, S. Andrew & Pressly, Donna G. (1992). A moral audit of
Diablo Corporation. Journal of Business Ethics, 11(1), 71-
79.
Ostapski, S. Andrew, Pressly, Donna G. & Isaacs, Camille N.
Corporate moral responsibility and the communication audit.
Journal of Business Ethics, 11(3), 231-240.
Paul, Karen & Lydenberg, Steven D. (1992). Application of a
corporate monitoring system: types, dimensions and goals.
Journal of Business Ethics, 11(1), 1-11).
Walker, Peter L. (1992). The public agenda: issues in public
affairs. International Public Relations Review, 15(1), 12-15.
Futurism/Futures Research
Coates, Joseph F. (1994, July-August). The highly probable future;
83 assumptions about the year 2025. The Futurist, 28(4) 29-
36.
Popcorn, Faith (1992). The popcorn report. New York:
HarperBusiness.
Naisbitt, John & Aburdene (1990). Megatrends 2000. Ten new
directions for the 1990s. New York: William Morrow.
Toffler, Alvin (1981). The third wave. New York: Bantam Books.
Grassroots/Political Action
Grefe, Edward A. & Linsky, Martin (1994). The new corporate
activism: Harnessing the power of grassroots tactics for your
organization. Boston, MA: Harvard Business School Press.
Harrison Company, Inc., E. Bruce (1988). Environmental
communication and public relations handbook. Rockville, MD:
Government Institutes.
Morrison, Catherine (1986). Managing political action committees.
New York: Conference Board.
Riano, Pilar (1994). Women in grassroots communication. Further
social change. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Russell, Michael and Heath, Robert L. (1994). Constituency
building: Determining employees' willingness to participate
in corporate political activities. Paper presented to
International Communication Association, Sydney.
Sabato, Larry (1984). Inside the world of political action
committees. New York: Norton.
Sorauf, Frank (1992). Inside campaign finance. Myths and
realities. New Haven, CT: Yale U. Press.
Warner, David (1992, January). Making PACs work for business.
Nation's Business, 81(1), 55-56.
Warner, David (1992), March). Getting out the business vote.
Nation's Business, 80(3), 27-28.
Zisk, Betty (1987). Money, media and the grassroots: State ballot
issues in the electoral process. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Lobbying
Brennan, Paul D. Jr. (1988, May). How to prepare support materials
for your lobbyist. Public Relations Journal, 43(5), 37-38.
Elving, Ronald D. (1995). Conflict and compromise. How Congress
makes the law. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Gray, Robert F. (1989). Lobbying for special interests. In Bill
Cantor (ed. by Chester Burger), Experts in action: inside pr,
pp. 139-148. New York: Longman.
Koch, William J. (1993, January). Public affairs and government:
New generation takes charge. Public Relations Journal, 49(1),
22-23.
Meek, John Martin (1985, November). How to prepare your client for
government testimony. Public Relations Journal, 40(11), 35-
37.
Mundy, Alicia (1992, September-October). Is the press any match
for powerhouse PR? Columbia Journalism Review, _____,
_________.
Ornstein, N.J. & Elder, S. (1978). Interest groups, lobbying, and
policymaking. Washington,DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Rauch, Jonathan (1994). Demosclerosis. The silent killer of
American government. Times Books.
Remmes, Harold (1986). Lobbying for your cause. New York: Pilot
Books.
Seglin, Jeffrey L. (1994, May). The best little advocacy group in
America, Inc. (16(5), 25-26. National Assn. of Women
Business Owners.
Smith, Hedrick (1988). The power game. How Washington works. New
York: Ballatine.
Smucker, Bob (1991). The nonprofit lobbying guide. San Francisco:
Jossey-Bass.
Trento, Susan P. (1992). The powerhouse. Robert Keith Gray and
the selling of access and influence in Washington. New York:
St. Martin's Press.
Wise, Jim (1989, September). Tracking legislation. Public
Relations Journal, 44(9), 43-44.
Wittenberg, Ernest & Wittenberg, Elisabeth (1994). How to win in
Washington. Very practical advice about lobbying, the
grassroots and the media, rev. ed. Williston, VT: Blackwell.
VI. ACTIVISM AND AGENDA-BUILDING
Agenda-Building
Cobb, R.W. & Elder, D.C. (1971). Participation in American
politics: The dynamics of agenda-building. Baltimore, MD:
Johns Hopkins U. Press.
Social Movements
Cornell, Stephen (1980). The return of the native: American indian
political resurgence. New York: Oxford U. Press.
Eyerman, Ron & Jamison, Andrew (1991). Social movements. A
cognitive approach. University Park: Pennsylvania State U.
Press. HN17.5.E99.
Meister, Albert (1984). Participation, associations, development
and change. Ed. & trans. by Jack C. Ross. New Brunswick, NJ:
Transaction Books. HN18.M3836.
Ray, Larry J., ed. (1993). Rethinking critical theory.
Emancipation in the age of global social movements. Newbury
Park, CA: Sage. HN28.R39
Rhodes, William C. (1971). Behavioral threat and community
response. A community psychology inquiry. New York:
Behavioral Publications. HM291.R46.
Toch, Hans (1965). The social psychology of social movements.
Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
Warren, Roland L. (1970). Truth, love and social change. And
other essays on community change. Chicago: Rand McNally.
Zald, Mayer N. & McCarthy, John D. (1979). The dynamics of social
movements. Cambridge, MA: Winthrop Publishing. See esp.
Harvey Molotch, Movements and Media, pp. 71-93.
Organizing
Alinsky, Saul (1970). Rules for radicals. New York: Vintage
Press.
Bandow, Doug E. (1993, Winter). The nattering nabobs of
negativism. Business and Society Review, __, 24-25.
Biddle, W.W. & Biddle, L. (1965). The community development
process: The rediscovery of local initiative. New York: Holt
Rinehart Winston.
Brill, Harry (1971). Why organizers fail. The story of a rent
strike. Berkeley: U. of California Press.
Rubin, Herbert J. & Rubin, Irene S. (1992). Community organizing
and development, 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan (Allyn & Bacon).
Biklen, Douglas P. (1983). Community organizing. Theory and
practice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Mugny, Gabriel & Perez, Juan A. (1989). The social psychology of
minority influence. Trans. by Vivian Waltz Lamonge. New
York:Cambridge U. Press.
Kahn, Si (1982). Organizing. New York: McGraw-Hill
King, Clarence (1965). Working with people in community action.
An international casebook for trained community workers and
volunteer community leaders. New York: Association Press.
Weick, Keith E. (1979). The social psychology of organizing.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Leadership
Archer, S.E., Kelley, C.D. & Bisch, S.A. (1984). Implementing
change in communities. A collaborative process. St. Louis:
C.V. Mosby.
Barth, E.A. (1961). Community influence systems. Structure and
change. Social Forces, 60, 58-63.
Nix, H.L. (1969). Concepts of community and community leadership.
Sociology and Social Research, 55, 500-510.
Smith, Peter B. & Peterson, Mark F. (1988). Leadership,
organizations and culture. An events management model.
London: Sage.
Tucker, Robert C. (1981). Politics of leadership. Columbia, MO:
U. of Missouri Press.
Participation
Berger, P.L. & Neuhaus, R.J. (1977). To empower people; The role
of mediating structures in public policy. Washington,DC:
American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.
Blau, J.R. & Alba, R.D. (1982). Empowering networks of
participation. Administrative Science Quarterly, 27, 363-379.
Dionne, E.J., Jr. (1992). Why Americans hate politics. New York:
Touchstone Books.
Grunig, James E. (1989). Sierra club study shows who become
activists. Public Relations Review, 15(3), 3-24.
McAdam, Doug & Paulsen, Ronnelle (1993). Specifying the
relationships between social ties and activism. American
Journal of Sociology, 99, 640-667.
Milbrath, L.W. & Goel, M.L. (1977). Political participation: How
and why do people get involved in politics, 2nd ed. Chicago:
Rand McNally.
Nowak, Peter, Rickson, Roy, Ramsey, Charles & Goudy, Willis J.
(1982). Community conflict and models of political
participation. Rural Sociology, 47, 333-348.
Pomper, Gerald M. & Sernekos, Loretta A. (1991, July/August). Bake
sales and voting. Society, 10-16.
Rappaport, J., Swift, C. & Hess, R., eds (1984). Studies in
empowerment: Steps toward understanding and action. New
York: Haworth.
Riessman, F. (1983). The politics of empowerment. Social Policy,
14, 2-3.
Rogers, David L., Bultena, Gordon L. & Barb, Ken H. (1975).
Voluntary association membership and political participation.
An exploration of the mobilization hypothesis. The
Sociological Quarterly, 16, 305-318.
Rothenbuhler, Eric W. (1991). The process of community
involvement. Communication Monographs, 58, 63-78.
Smith, David Horton & Macauley, Jacqueline (1989). Participation
in social and political activities. San Francisco, CA:
Jossey-Bass.
Williams, Michael R. (1985). Neighborhood organizations. Seeds of
a new urban life. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Publicity: Role of Media Conventions and Routines
Bennett, W. Lance (1988). News: The politics of illusion. New
York: Longman.
Chermark, Steven M. (1995). Victims in the news. Crime and
American news media. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Fishman, Mark (1973). Manufacturing the news. Austin, TX: U. of
Texas Press.
Gans, Herbert J. (1979). Deciding what's new. A study of CBS
Evening News, NBC Nightly News, Newsweek and Time. New York:
Pantheon.
Kaniss, Phyllis (1991). Making local news. Chicago: U. of Chicago
Press.
Nerone, John (1994). Violence against the press. Policing the
public sphere in U.S. history. New York: Oxford U. Press.
Noelle-Neuman, Elisabeth (1984). The spiral of silence--our social
skill. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press.
Schudson, Michael (1995). The power of news. Cambridge, MA:
Harvard U. Press.
Tichenor, Philip J., Donohue, George A. & Olien, Clarice N. (1980).
Community conflict and the press. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Publicity: Coverage/Framing of Issues
Bennett, W. Lance & Lawrence, R.G. (1994). The journalist's tool
kit: news icons and the mainstreaming of social change. Paper
presented to American Political Association convention.
Cohen, Stanley & Young, Jock (1981). The manufacture of news.
Social problems, deviance and the mass media, rev. ed.
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Coleman, Cynthia-Lou (forthcoming). How frames emerge in a native
conflict. In S. Elizabeth Bird, ed. (forthcoming title). See
Hallahan for article.
Coleman, Cynthia-Lou (1994). An examination of the relationship of
structural pluralism, news role and source use with framing in
the context of a community controversy. Paper presented to
the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass
Communication, Atlanta.
Davis, Joel J. (1995). The effects of message framing on response
to environmental communications. Journalism Quarterly, 72(2),
285-299.
Duhe, Sonya Forte & Zoch, Lynn M. (1994-95, Winter). Framing the
media's agenda during a crisis. Public Relations Quarterly.
39(4), 42-45.
Entman, R.M. (1944). Framing: Toward clarification of a fractured
paradigm. In M.R. Levy & M. Gurevitch (Eds.), Defining media
studies: Reflections on the future of the field, pp. 293-300.
New York: Oxford U. Press.
Gamson, William A. (1989). News as framing. American Behavioral
Scientist, 33(2), 157-161.
Gamson, William A. (1992). Talking politics. Cambridge: Cambridge
U. Press.
Gamson, William A., Croteau, D., Hoynes, W. & Sasson, T. (1992).
Media images and the social construction of reality. Annual
Review of Sociology, 18, 373-393.
Gamson, William A. & Modigliani (1989). Media discourse and public
opinion on nuclear power. A constructionist approach.
American Journal of Sociology, 95, 1-37.
Gitlin, Todd (1980). The whole world is watching. Mass media in
the making and unmaking of the new left. Berkeley, CA: U. of
California Press.
Graber, Doris (1988). Processing the news: How people tame the
information tide, 2nd ed. New York: Longman.
Hartley, John (1982). Understanding news. New York:
Metheun(Routledge).
Hertzog, James K. & McLeod, Douglas M. (1995, June). Anarchists
wreak havoc in downtown Minneapolis: A multi-level study of
media coverage of radical protest. Journalism & Mass
Communication Monographs, No. 151.
Iyengar, Shanto (1991). Is anyone responsible? How television
frames political issues. Chicago: U. of Chicago Press.
Montgomery, Kathryn C. (1989). Target prime time. Advocacy groups
and the struggle for entertainment television. New York:
Oxford U. Press.
Putnam, Linda L.& Holmer, M. (1992). Framing, reframing and issue
development. In L.L. Putnam and M.E. Roloff (Eds.),
Communication and Negotiation, pp. 128-155. Newbury Park, CA:
Sage.
Ryan, Charlotte (1990). Prime time activism. Boston, MA: South
End Press.
Smith, Kim A. (1987). Effects of newspaper coverage on community
issue concerns and local government evaluations.
Communication Research, 14, 379-395.
Tuchman, Gaye (1978). Making news. A study in the construction of
reality. New York: Free Press.
IX. COMMUNITY RELATIONS FOR SPECIFIC ORGANIZATIONS
Aviation
Airport Council International (1993). Handbook of Airport
Marketing. Washington, DC: ACI.
Deppa, Joan et al. (1994). The media and disasters. Pan Am 103.
New York: NYU Press.
Federal Aviation Administration. Community involvement manual.
Frensch, Thomas (1990). Associated Press coverage of a major
disaster. The crash of Delta flight 1141. Hillsdale, NJ:
Erlbaum.
Criminal Justice
Earle, Howard (1980). Police/community relations; crisis in our
time, 3rd ed. Gettysburg, PA: Thomas Publishing.
Garner, Gerald (1987). Chief, the reporters are here. Gettysburg,
PA: Thomas Publishing.
Mayhall, Pamela (1985). Police-community relations and the
administration of justice. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-
Hall.
Education/School
Bortner, Boyle (1983). Public relations for public schools.
Schenkman.
Garvey, Mona (1980). Library public relations. Bronx, NY: H.W.
Wilson.
Leerburger, Benedict A. (1989). Promoting and marketing the
library. Boston: G. K.Hall.
Marx, Gary, et al. (1985). Public relations for administrators.
AASA.
Rowland, A.W. (1986). Handbook of institutional advancement. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Nonprofit/Social Service Agencies
Connors, Tracy (1988). Nonprofit organization handbook, 2nd ed.
New York: McGraw-Hill.
Promoting issues and ideas: a guide to PR for nonprofit
organizations. New York: The Foundation Center.
Public relations: improving the LHA image (1993, Nov-Dec). Journal
of Housing, 50(6), 240(3 pages). Local housing agencies.
Rados, David (1981). Marketing for nonprofit organizations. New
York: Greenwood.
XI. SOURCES
Directories. These specialized directories supplement basic media
directories used in public relations.
America's Foundations 1994. Detroit, MI: Gale Research.
Charitable Organizations of the United States. 1990 Detroit: Gale
Research
Chase's Annual Events. Chicago, IL: Contemporary Books.
Corporate Giving Directory 1994. Detroit, MI: Gale Research.
Corporate Giving Yellow Pages 1994. Detroit, MI: Gale Research
Inc.
IEG Directory of Sponsorship Marketing. Chicago, IL: IEG.
Major Donors 1994. Detroit, MI: Gale Research Inc.
Directory of Minority Public Relations Professionals. New York:
Public Relations Society of America.
Washington Representatives: Lobbyists, Foreign Agents,
Consultants, Legal Advisors, Public Affairs and Government
Relations. Washington, DC: Columbia Books.
Journals and Periodicals. These publications devote substantial
attention to community and government concerns. Be sure to also
see journals in political science, sociology and social work.
Newsletters
Community Relations Report. P.O. Box 924, Bartlesville, OK 74005.
Corporate Public Issues. 219 South St. SE, Leesburg, VA 22075
O'Dwyer's Washington Report. 271 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10017
pr reporters. Box 600, Dudley House, Exeter, NH 03833.
Academic Journals
Journal of Public Relations Research
Public Relations Review
Professional Magazines
Public Relations Journal
Public Relations Strategist (quarterly)
Public Relations Tactics (monthly)
Public Relations Quarterly
International Public Relations Review
Revised August 1995
Return to Bibliography: Community Relations
Return to Hallahan Course Resources