Vol. 38, No. 3, Summer 2003
PR Division members! We are pleased you are with us. You make the
division a
success.I was a lowly Ph.D. student the last time we met in Kansas City
in
'92 or '93. So, yes, you can make a difference with your participation.
It
was also the last time we had Inez Kaiser with us since she lives in
Kansas
City. She will be with us again for the minority graduate student awards
named in her honor during our the BillAdams/Edelman Luncheon. (She was
the
first minority owner of a public relations agency and she still runs it
in
her 80s.) Thanks go to Marilyn Kern-Foxworth for getting her for us.
OTHER NEWS
The Public Relations Division sponsored a panel on
"Where
the Girls Are: Pedagogical Issues Surrounding the Female Majority in
Journalism and Mass Communications Classrooms" at the AEJMC Southeast
Colloquium in Little Rock, Arkansas. Despite an early morning Saturday
time
slot, the panel drew 15 attendees, or about 20 percent of the total
conference participants. Discussion was lively, and all agreed it was
one of
the most valuable sessions of the conference.
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2003 Convention Schedule
PRD Convention Events
AEJMC's Day-by-Day Convention Schedule
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Papers Accepted for Presentation
Aldoory, Linda (Maryland), and
Elizabeth Toth (Syracuse),
"A (Re)conceived Feminist Paradigm for Public Relations and its
Application
to the Theory or Organization-Public Relationships"
Bae, Jiyang, and Margarete Rooney (Florida),
"The Relationship Between Corporate Philanthropic Activity and Corporate
Financial Impact: Getting Beyond the Inconsistent Results of Previous
Studies"
Boynton, Lois A. (North Carolina),
"The Gray Areas of Ethical Decision-Making"
Callison, Coy (Texas Tech),
"The Good, the Bad and the Ugly of How the General Public Views PR
Practitioners: The Results of a Hybrid Survey/ Experiment Employing a
Nationwide Sample"
Carden, Ann R. (SUNY-Fredonia),
"The Use of Persuasive Appeals and Public Relations in the
Travel/Tourism
Industry Post 9/11"
Collins, Erick L., Christopher S.
McDonald and Michael Witkoski (South Carolina),
"When (Professional Worlds Collide: The Implications of Kasky v. Nike
for
Public Relations Practice"
Dutta-Bergman, Mohan J. (Purdue),
"Describing Volunteerism: The Theory of Unified Responsibility"
Freitag, Alan R., and Gaelle
Picherit-Duthler (North Carolina-Charlotte),
"A Public Relations View of Employee Benefits Communication: Proposing a
Cooperative Approach to a Traditional Human Resources Arena"
Gaither, T. Kenn (North Carolina),
"Nation Building, Branding, and Boosterism in Cyberspace: A Quantitative
Content Analysis of Sub-Saharan African Presient Websites"
George-Palilonis, Jennifer, Robert
S. Pritchard and Betsy Hatch (Ball State),
"Integrating Editorial Presentation and Public Relations Publications:
New
Frontiers for Convergence and Collaborative Learning"
Groves, Ethnie, and Jennifer Greer (Nevada-Reno),
"Congressional Press Secretaries: A Survey of their Relationships with
Reporters and Views on Media Coverage"
Huang, Yi-Hui (National Cheng-Chi University-Taiwan),
"PRSA: Scale Development for Exploring the Cross-Cultural Impetus of
Public
Relations Strategies"
Jo, Samsup (Florida),
"How to measure organization-public relationships: Measurement
validation in
a company-retailer relationship"
Kang, Seok, and Hanna E. Norton (Arkansas Tech),
"Nonprofit Organizations' Use of the World Wide Web: Are They
Sufficiently
Fulfilling Organizational Goals?"
Ki, Eyun-Jung (Florida),
"Relationship Maintenance Strategies on Websites"
Kim, Hyo-Sook (Maryland),
"Examining the PRSA Code of Ethics: Toward Ethical Advocacy"
Kim, Jeesun, Soobum Lee and ByengHee Chang (Florida),
"Exploring the Effects of Organization-Public Relationships (OPRS) on
Attitude toward the Organization, Brand, and Purchase Intention"
Lee, Cheolhan (Missouri),
"Exploring Public Relations Agency Roles in Korea: An Application of
Grunig's Excellence Theory"
Lee, Jonghyuk, and Dan Berkowitz (Iowa).
"Media Relations in Korea: Cheong between Journalist and PR
Practitioner"
Luo, Yi (Maryland),
"Practicing Public Relations in China: A Case Study of a Multinational
Public Relations Firm"
Martinson, David (Florida International),
"Utilizing John Rawl's 'A Theory of Justice' to Examine the Social
Utility
of Contemporary Public Relations"
Moore, Jenson, and Terry Kinney (Minnesota),
"Third-Party Endorsement Influence on Perceptions of Social Marketing
Campaign Attitudes, Credibility, Effectiveness, and Involvement"
Neibergall, Betsy (Minnesota),
"Treading Through a Crisis: Exploring How Bridgestone/Firestone and the
Media Framed an Issue and an Image"
Newman, Kim (Syracuse).
"The Influence of Gender on Publicity and Media Relations: Differences
in
Discourse"
Palenchar, Michael J., and Robert L. Heath (Florida),
"Protracted Strategic Risk Communication: Longitudinal Analysis of a
Community's Zones of Meaning"
Pontiff, Danielle C. (Louisiana-Lafeyette),
"Communicating for Technical Change: Business-to-Business Communication
with
Small Manufacturing Firms"
Popescu, Cristina (Florida),
"Legitimate Strategy versus Smoke Screen: Framing Philip Morris' Name
Change
to Altria"
Porter, Lance V. (Walt Disney Co.),
and Lynne Sallot (Georgia),
"Web Power: Examining Practitioners' World Wide Web Use and Its Effects
on
Their Decision-Making Power in Public Relations"
Qui, Qi, and Glen T. Cameron (Missouri),
"Symmetric Stance Versus Asymmetric Public Relations Strategy: A Case
Study
of Corporate Social Responsibility Programs"
Reber, Bryan H., and Chandler Harriss (Alabama),
"Building Public Relations Definitions: Identifying Typologies Among
Practitioners and Educators"
Shaw, Thomasena, and Candace White (Tennessee),
"Is Media Relations All There Is To Public Relations? Differences In
Perceptions Between Public Relations and Journalism Educators"
Wang, Alex (Emerson),
"The Effects of Consumer Knowledge on Information Processing Toward the
PR
Editorials"
Werder, Kelly Page (South Florida),
"An Empirical Analysis of the Influence of Perceived Attributes of
Publics
on Public Relations Strategy Use and Effectiveness"
Yang, Sung-Un, and James E. Grunig (Maryland),
"Organization-Public Relationships, Organizational Representations, and
the
Overall Evaluation of Organizational Performance: A Causal Model"
Zhang, Juyan (Missouri),
"Press Release and World System: How the U.S. Major Newspapers Use Press
Releases from Different Countries?"
Zhao, Xinshu (North Carolina),
Hyun Seung Jin (Kansas State)
and Soontae An (Kansas State),
"Using Celebrity Endorsers to Increase Publicity Effects of Marketing
Communications"
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In Situ Research
In Situ Editor
William Thompson
University of Louisville
LocusMedia@aol.com
In the winter 2003 issue, Tom Duncan, Colorado-Boulder, compared
integrated
marketing communication (IMC) to customer relationship management (CRM)
and
concluded that IMC "is a better platform to leverage the power of public
relations."
In this issue's "in situ" column, Patricia Swann responds to
Duncan, drawing a valuable lesson about the role of time in
distinguishing
the value of public relations in an integrated marketing setting. Time,
which I often tell my students is the fourth dimension of public
relations,
differentiates the ethical goals of public relations from the short-term
effects that Professor Swann feels too often motivate the other
components
of the integrated marketing mix.
If long-term survivability and
adaptation
to changing consumer attitudes is a positive business principle, then an
aggressive effort to inculcate public relations values as well as public
relations tools into an integrated campaign is needed.
It's easy to find out what our colleagues were thinking about two years
ago.
The best of it is easily accessible through a literature search. But
it's
far more difficult to find what scholars are thinking about now. The
Public
Relations Division's in situ research provides a forum for us to share
and
refine ideas and to discover collaborators.
If you would like to write an in situ research note of 300-500 words, or
if
you would like to comment on a topic previously published in this forum,
send a plain-text e-mail to SGonders@hotmail.com.
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IMC Revisited
Patricia Swann
Utica (New York) College
pswann@utica.edu
What are the issues that public relations teachers should be
thinking about
with regard to integrated marketing communication? The debate has been
ongoing for more than a decade, especially within academe, as public
relations and marketing/advertising faculty debate competing concerns,
while
advertising agencies and other potential employers pressure for more
practical skills.
Integrated marketing communication (IMC), as defined by
"Value-Added Public
Relations" author Thomas Harris, is the "strategic coordination of all
the
elements of a marketing campaign." In IMC, marketing and public
relations
departments working in concert are more efficient and effective in their
marketing communication efforts; the result is that more products or
services are sold and the organization advances its mission to sell a
product or service to make a profit. In one sense, this relates to the
role
of public relations to help "achieve institutional goals" as defined by
the
Public Relations Society of America's official statement on public
relations.
To fill this role, public relations students should better
understand the
"business of business," including marketing, advertising, economics and
other business basics. A solid understanding of business also helps new
public relations practitioners gain access to the organization's
management
ranks, where they can counsel management more effectively on public
relations issues.
It's also important because many business schools seem to view
public
relations as unnecessary to their curriculum. Most master of business
administration degrees can be obtained without taking any communication
courses; according to one study, just 16 percent of business programs
offer
courses in public relations ("The Business of Teaching PR," PRWeek,
Sept.
16, 2002). Public relations students should be forewarned of this
apparent
lack of understanding of public relations' true organizational role:
building and maintaining mutually beneficial relationships with key
publics
that can make or break an organization.
While IMC attempts to build a bridge of appreciation and
understanding
between public relations and marketing, many IMC textbooks relegate the
function of public relations to the back of the book and focus on
publicity
and corporate image tactics. From this perspective, public relations
simply
becomes another tool in the marketer's tool bag to sell a product or
service. What would be helpful are textbooks written by public relations
and
business professionals who understand the true value of public relations
beyond third-party endorsements and special events. While coordinated
efforts between marketing and public relations for selling products or
services make sense, integration of the organizational functions does
not.
Public relations needs to maintain its independence from the marketing
function to keep an objective eye on the big picture. Public relations
practitioners should function as the conscience of the organization and
counsel management to do the right thing when short-term profits look
more
appealing. Practitioners know that effective public relationsthe secret
to
lasting customer relationshipsis based on a two-way symmetrical model,
where mutual understanding and an organization's ability to adapt in
socially responsible ways are key.
Professionals in the field may feel
such
a theory-based approach is a nicety ("Clients want results, not
Utopia"),
but public relations educators, while realizing the benefits of business
knowledge and skills, should seek ways to promote the value of long-term
relationship building and ethical behavior honesty, social
responsibility
and fairness as public relations' most valuable assets. Once these
"niceties" are viewed as necessities, public relations bread-and-butter
tactics, such as publicity and event planning, will have true value in
an
IMC course.
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Division Elects Lubbers, Freitag, Stein
When Patricia A. Curtin of North Carolina-Chapel Hill and Teresa Mastin of
Michigan State move up to the positions of Division head and vice head at
the AEJMC Convention in Kansas City, they will be joined by three newly
elected officers. Charles "Chuck" Lubbers of Kansas State will become vice
head-elect, Alan Freitag of North Carolina-Charlotte will be
secretary-treasurer, and Andi Stein of California State-Fullerton will be
the Division's elected delegate.
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PRD HISTORY #4:
The Heads & Eds
Compilation of the history of Public Relations Division heads and editors
began in summer 2002 and continues in this issue with some of the editors of
the three PRD publications.
__________
Journal of Public Relations Research
As with much of the field's scholarship, the
first decade (1984-94) of the Division's journals began with James Grunig of
Maryland. After serving as 1978-79 Division head, he was 1984-85 editor of
Public Relations Research and Education. When Larissa Grunig served as
1989-90 Division head, she and Jim revived the journal as the Public
Relations Research Annual. They were 1989-91 co-editors of the Annual and
1991-94 co-editors of the Journal of Public Relations Research. Elizabeth
Toth of Syracuse was 1987-88 Division head and 1995-2000 editor. Since 2000,
the Journal has been edited by Linda Hon of Florida.
2000-present Journal Editor
LINDA CHILDERS HON
University of Florida (1992-present)
Ph.D. University of Maryland (1992) M.A. University of Florida (1986)
B.A. Stetson University (1984)
Hon follows in the Grunigs' footsteps as a Maryland graduate, the current
editor of the journal they founded, and a prolific scholar. She is an
associate professor of public relations and a University of Florida Research
Foundation professor. She is also the graduate coordinator for the public
relations master's program at UF. Her main teaching areas are PR strategy,
campaigns, research and theory.
Research interests include gender, diversity, evaluation, and relationship
management in PR. She is the author of Women in Public Relations: How Gender
Influences Practice. Her work has been published in the Journal of Public
Relations Research, Public Relations Strategist, Journal of Applied
Communications, Journal of Asian Pacific Communications, Journal of
Communication Management, IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication
and in the Public Relations Annual. She is also an author of chapters in
Excellence in Public Relations and Communication Management, as well as a
monograph from the Institute for Public Relations.
Hon is the recipient of numerous teaching and research awards, including
the Institute for Public Relations' 2000 Pathfinder Award.
_________
Quarterly Membership Newsletter
Companion to the Division's Journal of juried scholarship is the quarterly
newsletter. Maria Russell of Syracuse served as 1987-88 newsletter editor
and 1993-94 Division head. Following the newsletter's "lost years" of
1988-91, for which editors are as yet unidentified, Richard Alan Nelson of
LSU was 1991-93 editor and 1994-95 Division head.
1991-93 Newsletter Editor
1994-95 Division Head
RICHARD ALAN NELSON
Louisiana State University
Kansas State University University of Houston International
Telecommunications Research Institute
Ph.D. Florida State University M.A. Brigham Young University B.A.
Stanford University
Nelson, APR, is a dual citizen of the U.S. and the European Union
(Ireland). He is also an internationally known business communication and
public affairs educator and consultant. Currently he is a professor in LSU's
Manship School of Mass Communication and heads its public relations area.
Previously, as associate dean for graduate studies and research, he
supervised creation of a Ph.D. program at LSU.
Nelson's research focuses on business public policy, strategic planning,
management, ethics and political communications issues. He is the author of
more than 60 articles, essays and reports. He is co-author of Issues
Management: Corporate Public Policymaking in an Information Society, and he
has individually written several books, including A Chronology and Glossary
of Propaganda in the United States, Florida and the American Motion Picture
Industry, Propaganda: A Reference Guide, and Lights! Camera! Florida! Since
fall 1999, Nelson has been editor of the refereed Journal of Promotion
Management, as well as a related promotion management book series. Nelson is
also editor of the Journal of Website Promotion. In 1999, the Journal of
Public Relations Research recognized Nelson as one of PR's top 50 most
influential scholars.
Following Nelson's two years as newsletter editor were the late Susanne
Roschwalb (1993-94) of American University, H. Allen White (1994-95) of
Murray State, Joseph Basso (1987) of Towson State and later of Villanova,
and Barbara DeSanto (1988-89) of Oklahoma State and later North
Carolina-Charlotte. DeSanto was also 1999-2000 Division head. The current
editor of the PR Update News Journal, Susan Gonders of Southeast Missouri
State University, has served since 1999.
1999-present Newsletter Editor
SUSAN GONDERS
Southeast Missouri State University (1994-present)
Rose State (Okla.) College (1985-92) University of Oklahoma (1990-93)
University of Central Oklahoma (1988-90)
Ed.D. summa cum laude Oklahoma State University (1995) M.Ed. summa cum
laude University of Central Oklahoma (1991) B.A. University of Oklahoma
(1973)
Oklahoma State Home Builders Association Gonders & Associates Publishers
Gonders Graphex
Professionally, Gonders specializes in graphics and is the author of a
chapter on graphics in the third edition of the PRSA Educators Academy book,
Learning to Teach (2003). She also wrote the textbook, A Guide to
Publication Design.
Bringing into academe a quarter-century of professional experience in the
Oklahoma City area, serving more than 300 clients, Gonders has taken her
department's PRSSA chapter into national prominence, hosting the 1996
National Conference, 1999 Regional Sports Promotion Conference in St. Louis
and the 2001 Regional Entertainment Promotion Conference in Branson. She
heads the PR option in Southeast Missouri's Department of Communication.
Her primary areas of research have focused on U.S. presidents and Robert M.
Hutchins. Her work on Hutchins Plan education philosophy has been published
in such higher ed journals as the Review of Higher Education and Educational
Studies, and her work on Hutchins Commission press philosophy has found
forum in communication circles, including ASJMC's Insights.
_________
Teaching Public Relations
Inserted in each issue of PR Update is a Teaching Public Relations
monograph. TPR papers are accepted based upon editorial board evaluations,
but papers selected for the PRD's top teaching sessions at AEJMC's national
convention can be published without further review if edited to meet
monograph specifications. Jim Grunig's early co-author, Todd Hunt of
Rutgers, edited the first 38 TPR issues (1988-94) and was 1990-91 Division
head. As 1994-2001 editor, Gay Wakefield of TCU edited 14 issues (Nos.
39-52).
1994-01 TPR Editor
DEBORAH GAY WAKEFIELD
Texas Christian University (1997-present)
Butler University-Indianapolis (1989-97) Southern Illinois
University-Carbondale (1984-89) Central Missouri State University
(1983-84) East Texas State University (1976-77, 1981-83) Tarrant County
(Texas) Junior College (1975, 1980-81) Tarleton State University (1975-76)
Ed.D. East Texas State University (now Texas A&M-Commerce,
1983) M.S. Texas Christian University (1975) BFA cum laude
Texas Christian University (1974)
U.S. Department of Defense (1991-96) Pro-Indianapolis (1990-96) Liaison
Communication-Texas (1980-83) DBG&H Unlimited-Dallas (1980-81) Hyatt
Regency-Dallas/Reunion Tower/Union Station
(1978-79)
After more than a decade teaching and advising PRSSA chapters in Missouri,
Illinois and Indiana, Wakefield returned to TCU (and her birthplace of Ft.
Worth) in 1997. She is director of the Center for Professional Communication
in TCU's Neeley School of Business.
Prior to turning her career toward education, Wakefield directed
advertising and PR for the Hyatt Regency Dallas, Reunion Tower and the Union
Station complex, then worked in Creative Services for DBG&H Unlimited in
Dallas. She served as CEO of Expressions Unlimited in Arlington, Liaison
Communication in East Texas and Missouri, Wakefield Associates in Illinois,
and PRo in Indianapolis.
With dozens of research articles, professional presentations and desktop
manuals to her credit, Wakefield's primary research interests are ethical
decision-making, intercultural communication, and learning outcomes
assessment and initiatives. Her work has been published in such journals as
Business Research Yearbook, Public Relations Review, Central States Speech
Journal and Resources in Education.
2001-03 TPR Editor
LINDA MORTON
University of Oklahoma (1994-present)
Ed.D. Oklahoma State University M.A. Arkansas State University B.A.
Northeastern Oklahoma State University
Current TPR editor Linda Morton will complete two and a half years of
service and nine monographs (Nos. 53-61) in fall 2003.
Linda P. Morton, APR, has spent 30 years in higher education 18 in
full-time teaching, five in full-time administration (two with adjunct
teaching assignments), and eight years with dual assignments in
administration and teaching. All but three years of her administrative
experience has been in public relations, serving as director of public
relations for two higher education institutions and as a public information
officer at another. She is currently a professor in the Gaylord College of
Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of Oklahoma.
Morton was recently ranked fifth nationally for public relations
productivity, and she is among the field's most cited scholars, specializing
in applied research primarily on news releases and publications. She has
written a column, "Segmenting Publics," for Public Relations Quarterly for
five years, and she is author of the textbook, Public Relations
Publications: Designing for Target Publics.
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Miscellanea
FREE PUBLICITY. Jeff Crilley, an Emmy Award-winning reporter currently
with
Fox News in Dallas, has written Free Publicity A TV Reporter Shares
the
Secrets for Getting Covered on the News.
To see how a working TV journalist explains how to "push the buttons"
for
free publicity, visit www.jeffcrilley.com.